1. Other Reformations

2. Switzerland Rugged geography conducive to decentralized politics Main export: mercenaries Thirteen cantons in a loose federation

3. Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) Zurich preacher with humanist background Reached conclusions similar to Luther’s independently Began preaching directly from N.T. 1524 – Zurich magistrates abolish Mass

4. Marburg Colloquy (1529) Efforts to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians Impasse over the Eucharist – Luther – consubstantiation – Zwingli – purely symbolic Attempt at unity failed

5. Swiss Politics During the 1520s, a majority of the cantons became Protestant 10/1531 – fighting breaks out; Zwingli killed in battle Peace of Kappel (11/20/1531) – each canton chooses religion; Catholic minorities tolerated Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) succeeded Zwingli as Protestant leader

6. Anabaptists Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) – Zurich citizen – Rejected civil authority in religious affairs (1523) – Rejected infant baptism (1525) Strong antinomian streak 1526 – Zurich makes rebaptism capital crime Opponents linked them with Peasant Revolt

7. Anabaptists Schleitheim Statement (1527) – Baptism for repentant adults (not for remission) – No communion for unbaptized – Baptized to separate themselves from evil world – No arms-bearing or oath- taking Munster Incident – Jan of Leiden (1534-1536) Menno Simons (1496-1561) and pacifism

8. Persecution of Anabaptists

9. John Calvin (1509-1564) Frenchman with legal and humanistic training Became a Protestant in early 1530s Fled France, wound up in Basel 1536 – Institutes of the Christian Religion

10. John Calvin (1509-1564) Theology – Sovereignty of God – “Spiritual” presence in Eucharist – Obedience to God’s law, individually and socially – Doctrine of the “lesser magistrates”

11. Calvin in Geneva 1536 – Calvin is asked to help reform Pushed for church oversight and discipline of flock Church works with State to reform Michael Servetus Case (1553)

12. Spread of Calvinism Theodore Beza (1516-1605) and the Genevan Academy French Huguenots John Knox (1505-1572) and Scotland The Netherlands American colonies

13. England: Henry VIII (1509-1547) Catherine of Aragon vs. Anne Boleyn Consequences of Reformation – Marital succession – Wolsey out, Cromwell in – Head of the church – Dissolution of the Monasteries

14. Edward VI (1547-1553) Regency government “Calvinized” the Church of England New English liturgy: Book of Common Prayer Died at age 15

15. “Bloody Mary” (1553-1558) Restoration of Romanism Persecution of Protestants; “fires of Smithfield” Marriage to Philip II

16. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) “Virgin Queen” Act of Uniformity – Book of Common Prayer – Thirty-Nine Articles Catholics, Puritans and the via media Excommunication by pope, assassination attempts

17. The Catholic Reformation New mysticism – Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582) – Religious orders (Capuchins, Theatines, Ursulines) Society of Jesus, 1540 – Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) – The Spiritual Exercises – Absolute obedience – Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

18. Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

19. Pope Paul III, 1534-1549 – Reform commission – Recognized the Jesuits – Council of Trent Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559 – Inquisition Council of Trent, 1545-1563 – Doctrinal issues – Division between moderates and conservatives – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings – Theological seminaries Revived Papacy