1. Swiss Reformation Anabaptists Calvinists Reformation in England (Anglicans) Catholic Reformation/ Counter-Reformation

2. Swiss Reformation: Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) 1518 Zwingli becomes priest of Zurich Argues that Lord’s Supper is purely symbolic Opposes clerical celibacy, monasticism, pilgrimages indulgences, Purgatory, worship of saints

3. Swiss Reformation: Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) Collection of tithes ended in city, clerical celibacy denounced, choral singing and images removed from churches Zwingli’s ideas spread in Switzerland 1531 Catholic cantons attack Zurich. Zwingli killed, but peace made

4. Anabaptists Group led by Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) Faith as choice while adult Opposition to spreading religion using state power Jan 1525 Grebel conducts first adult baptism Anabaptists/Rebaptists

5. Anabaptists Anabaptism spreads in Switzerland, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands, Italy, Poland 1534-35 Radical Anabaptists hold Münster Menno Simons (1496-1561) - Mennonites

6. John Calvin (Jean Cauvin, 1509-64) 1532 Converts to Protestantism 1534 Flees France, arrives in Geneva in 1536 Predestination, not works Lord’s Supper – God spiritually present

7. John Calvin (Jean Cauvin, 1509-64) Genevan reforms: Simple church services Moral reform of society “You can do anything you want in Geneva as long as you don’t enjoy it!”

8. John Calvin (Jean Cauvin, 1509-64) 1538 Calvin banished, recalled in 1541 1553 Burning of Michael Servetus Consistory Calvinism spreads in Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Poland, Scotland (Presbyterians; John Knox), England (Puritans), France (Huguenots)

9. Reformation in England (Anglicans) Henry VIII (Tudor, r. 1509-47) 1509 Marriage of Henry to Catherine of Aragon (d. 1536), widow of Arthur (d. 1502) 1521 Henry writes book opposing Luther – “Defender of the Faith” Anne Boleyn (d. 1536) 1527 Pope refuses divorce

10. Reformation in England (Anglicans) Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (d. 1530) 1533 Henry marries Anne Boleyn. Act of Restraint of Appeals. Thomas Cranmer (d. 1556) annuls Henry’s marriage to Catherine 1534 Act of Succession 1536 Act of Dissolution

11. Reformation in England (Anglicans) Anglican church accepts salvation by faith, transubstantiation, clerical celibacy; rejects Purgatory, Cult of Saints 1533 Anne gives birth to Elizabeth 1536 Anne executed for adultery Jane Seymour (d. 1537)

12. Reformation in England (Anglicans) Anne of Cleves – “Flemish Mare” Catherine Howard – executed 1542 Catherine Parr

13. Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-63)Pope Paul III Reaffirms:Charles V Church hierarchy Seven sacraments Transubstantiation Purgatory and indulgences Clerical celibacy

14. Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Society of Jesus (Jesuits), approved 1540 Rigorous training Advisors, missionaries

15. Link of Reformations to politics and identity Detrimental effect on levels of tolerance Church-state divisions?