1. Importance of ideological control of a populace

3.  Protected by mtns to the north  Dependent on monsoons for their weather  (monsoon = seasonal wind)  Indus River was very unpredictable

4. EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF INDIAN CULTURE URBAN SOCIETY – VERY COMPLEX NO LARGE MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE (NO EVIDENCE OF PALACES OR TEMPLES) FIRST INDOOR SANITATION SYSTEMS STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES BY 1700 BC, THEY HAD DISAPPEARED

8.  CEMETERY H CULTURE (cremation, breakdown of trade networks)  GANDHARA CULTURE (terracotta figurines, simple dot designs)  OCHRE COLOURED POTTERY CULTURE (may be the last remains of Harappan culture or entirely separate – who knows?)

9. CEMETERY H CULTUREOCHRE COLOURED POTTERY

11.  EMERGED AROUND 1700 BC  ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARYAN INVASIONS OF INDIA  VEDAS WERE THEIR SACRED LITERATURE  ARYANS - tall, light skinned, different language, no writing, heroic gods, wealth = cows  DASAS – dark skinned, town dwellers, life- giving gods

12. Brahmins (priests) - MOUTH Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) – ARMS Vaishyas (peasants and traders) – LEGS Shudras (laborers) – FEET “Untouchables” Made impure because of their work (grave diggers, butchers, trash collectors)

13. BRAHMINS KSHATRIYAS VAISHYAS SHUDRAS UNTOUCHABLES (NOT PICTURED)

15.  Chandragupta Maurya  Raised a large army due to heavy taxes  Defeated the Macedonians and united the Indian subcontinent by the age of 20  Bureaucracy – modeled after the Persians  Asoka  Devout Buddhist – promoted religion & tolerance  Benevolent ruler  Extensive public works builder (roads, rest stops)

17.  Founded by Chandra Gupta I who was not related to Chandragupta Maurya  1 st three emperors of this empire saw great achievements in art, literature, and religion  The Guptas extended control to the western coast of India, thus enabling maritime trade with the Mediterranean

18.  Writing academies  Traveling drama groups  Astronomy  Seven day week  Invented zero and calculated pi (π)  Middlemen along the Silk Road  Rise in banking