1. Announcement Activity 2 due March 20 Activity 2 due March 20 Exam II on 4/8 (after spring break) Exam II on 4/8 (after spring break) Review sheet will be available before break- Review sheet will be available before break- Please start reviewing early Please start reviewing early

2. Review Which composer wrote oratorios in English (modeled on Handel)? Which composer wrote oratorios in English (modeled on Handel)? What is opera seria? What topics did it deal with? What is opera seria? What topics did it deal with? What is opera buffa? What topics did it deal with? What is opera buffa? What topics did it deal with? What was Singspiel? What was Singspiel? What kind of an opera is Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro? What kind of an opera is Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro?

3. Classical Concerto vs. Baroque emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra more integration of orchestra and solo more integration of orchestra and solo Has three movements, fast-slow-fast Has three movements, fast-slow-fast featuring a CADENZA, a solo passage near the end that was often improvised featuring a CADENZA, a solo passage near the end that was often improvised

4. Mozart Piano Concertos most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl As a vehicle for self-promotion 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo

5. Romanticism The period of Art music c. 1820-1900 The period of Art music c. 1820-1900 What is Romanticism? What is Romanticism? Topics.. Topics.. Nature Nature The supernatural (Faust, by Goethe) The supernatural (Faust, by Goethe) Folk themes Folk themes Long ago and far away (new interest in Medieval history, far away places) Long ago and far away (new interest in Medieval history, far away places)

6. Romanticism Exoticism Exoticism Looking inward Looking inward Nationalism Nationalism Unity of the arts (more interest in combining music and other arts (ie, poetry) Unity of the arts (more interest in combining music and other arts (ie, poetry) In music, an interest in smaller forces that require fewer performers (solo song or piano music) In music, an interest in smaller forces that require fewer performers (solo song or piano music)

7. Romantic painting Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich Big images of nature… Big images of nature… and sometimes small images of man and sometimes small images of man

10. 19th c. ART SONG Called LIED Called LIED Piano and Voice Piano and Voice Goal was depiction of text Goal was depiction of text

11. 19th c. ART SONG Possible forms… Possible forms… Strophic-each stanza sung to same music Strophic-each stanza sung to same music modified strophic (same as above with modifications modified strophic (same as above with modifications through-composed (no regular repetition scheme) through-composed (no regular repetition scheme) We will study an example by Franz Schubert We will study an example by Franz Schubert

12. Franz Schubert Austrian composer (from Vienna) Austrian composer (from Vienna) Lived 1797-1828 Lived 1797-1828 Known for… Known for… Songs Songs Symphonies Symphonies Chamber music Chamber music

13. Schubert’s Erlkönig Erlkönig menas “Elfking” Erlkönig menas “Elfking” Listening guide 37 Listening guide 37 Through-composed song Through-composed song Text by Goethe, a leading Romantic poet Text by Goethe, a leading Romantic poet

14. Elfking story of a boy, his father, and the king of the elves story of a boy, his father, and the king of the elves the boy is threatened by the Elfking who tries to trap him the boy is threatened by the Elfking who tries to trap him Look at text Look at text

15. Listening to Elfking 3 times- each time more intensely the boy calls … 3 times- each time more intensely the boy calls … Mein Vater (my father) -- for help Mein Vater (my father) -- for help each time at a higher pitch level but the father is not able to help him but the father is not able to help him How does this story tie into Romanticism? How does this story tie into Romanticism?

16. Listening to Elfking How would you describe the different parts for each character? How would you describe the different parts for each character? How are the three different characters distinguished? (Even though they are all sung by one person) How are the three different characters distinguished? (Even though they are all sung by one person)

17. Listening to Elfking Father: low, minor key Father: low, minor key Son: high, minor key, urgent Son: high, minor key, urgent Elfking: high, major key, seductive Elfking: high, major key, seductive

18. PIANO of 19th century the most popular instrument (melody and harmony) the most popular instrument (melody and harmony) bigger and stronger instruments were built at this time bigger and stronger instruments were built at this time piano teachers/builders/salesmen often combined in the same person piano teachers/builders/salesmen often combined in the same person

19. PIANO of 19th century SOCIAL History SOCIAL History new middle-class consumer base for music had new needs new middle-class consumer base for music had new needs entertainment of traveling virtuosos (emergence of superstar culture) entertainment of traveling virtuosos (emergence of superstar culture) on the one hand, and simple music for the home simple music for the home on the other hand (here especially played by women)

20. Famous performer/composers Frederick Chopin (1810-1849) Frederick Chopin (1810-1849) Polish-born favorite of Parisian salons Clara Schumann (1819-1896) Clara Schumann (1819-1896) acclaimed performer and teacher co-founder of Leipzig conservatory wife to Robert Schumann, close friend of Johannes Brahms

21. Piano music Piano music Forms... Forms... Simple forms (ABA, etc., or Rondo) Simple forms (ABA, etc., or Rondo) lyricism -- to make the piano sing lyricism -- to make the piano sing

22. Chopin Born in Poland and thought of as a national hero (even though he moved away) Born in Poland and thought of as a national hero (even though he moved away) Wrote many short piano pieces such as… Wrote many short piano pieces such as… Noctures (intended to evoke night) Noctures (intended to evoke night) Polonaises (based on a Polish dance, nationalistic) Polonaises (based on a Polish dance, nationalistic)

23. Chopin’s Polonaise LG 40 LG 40 Form ABA Form ABA How do the A and B sections contrast? How do the A and B sections contrast? Performance technique: Tempo rubato (robbing time) Performance technique: Tempo rubato (robbing time) Also listening for the typical Polonaise rhythm long-short-short- long-long long-long(in duple meter) Also listening for the typical Polonaise rhythm long-short-short- long-long long-long(in duple meter)

24. Another piano virtuoso Franz Liszt Franz Liszt Rise of star performer/composer Rise of star performer/composer Many affairs with many women Many affairs with many women The Little Bell (not on assigned listening) The Little Bell (not on assigned listening)