1. Diversity of Eukaryotes
CHAPTERS 3 and 4

2. The Mind-Boggling Diversity of Life
The Eukarya domain contains four kingdoms
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Eukaryotes evolved sometime after prokaryotes populated the Earth

3. The Dawn of Eukarya Key evolutionary features of eukaryotes:
Presence of a nucleus
Membrane-bound internal compartments
Larger cell size
Sexual reproduction
Multicellular (not all are though)

4. Eukaryotes Have Subcellular Compartmentalization and Larger Cells
Eukaryotic DNA is in a nucleus
Increased complexity allows eukaryotes to function with greater efficiency
Eukaryotes are thousands of times larger in volume than prokaryotes

5. Sexual Reproduction Increases Genetic Diversity
Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity by producing offspring that are different from each other and from both parents.

6. Protista: The First Eukaryotes

7. Protista: The First Eukaryotes
The protists include any organism that do not fit into the other kingdom classifications
simple organization
No specialized tissues
Single cellular
Mobile- flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

8. Protista: The First Eukaryotes
Live in almost any environment that contains liquid water
Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic

9. Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
What is an autotroph? What is a producer?
What is an heterotroph? What is a consumer?
What is an mixotrophs?

10. Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
Algae are autotrophic producers that use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen gas as a by-product

11. Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
Heterotrophic protists rely on other organisms for energy

12. Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
Mixotrophs obtain energy from a variety of sources, depending on environmental conditions
Photosynthesize in light
Hunt in dark
Euglena viridis

13. Some Protists Are Pathogens
Some of the best-known protists are disease-causing pathogens
Malaria Giardia

14. Fungi: A World of Decomposers

15. Fungi
Fungal cells have a protective cell wall that can produce chitin to help protect the cell
Fungi can be multicellular or single-celled species
DNA comparisons show that fungi are more closely related to humans than to plants!

16. Fungi Fungi can be multicellular or single-celled species
The body of a multicellular fungus is called the mycelium and is made up of many mycelial strands of hyphae

17. Fungi Play a Key Role as Decomposers
Fungi are heterotrophs that decompose organic materials
Fungi are the most important decomposers on land

18. Fungi Can be Dangerous Parasites
Parasitic fungi grow on the tissue of living organisms
Ring “worm”
Athlete's Foot
Yeast

19. Lichens and Mycorrhizae: Collaborations between Kingdoms
Symbiosis is the process of two organisms working together in close association
Fungi have formed beneficial relationships with members of almost every kingdom

20. Lichens Contain a Fungus and a Photosynthetic Microbe
A lichen is a positive association between:
a photosynthetic microbe (algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus
Lichens are pioneers of barren environments, helping to facilitate soil formation

21. Mycorrhizae are Beneficial Associations between a Fungus and the Plant Root
Plant gets more water with Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae gets sugars from plant

22. Plantae

23. Plantae
Plants are multicellular autotrophs that use specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis

24. Plantae Bryophytes earliest land plants
mosses, liverwort, and hornwort
Gymnosperms
conifers
Angiosperms
flowering plants

25. Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
In order to evolve on land, plants developed a waxy cuticle that prevents them from drying out

26. Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
Stomata are pores that open and close to allow the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis to enter the leaves

27. Plants: Vascular System
Vascular tissue:
Phloem
Transports food molecules like sugar
Flows down
Xylem
transports water and dissolved nutrients
Flows up

28. Gymnosperms
Male Cone
Gymnosperms were the first plants to evolve pollen and seeds
The evolution of seeds contributed to their success
Pollen
contains sperm cells
dry and powdery
produced in great quantities
Seed
plant embryo and a short
supply of food encased in a protective seed coat
Female Cone

29. Angiosperms Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit
Most abundant and diverse group of plants
Contain both male and female structures
Bright petals, odors, and sugary nectar are used to attract pollinators

30. Plants Are the Basis of Land Ecosystems and Provide Many Valuable Products
Nearly all organisms on land depend on plants for food

31. Plants Plants have value when left in nature as well
Preventing runoff and erosion
Recycle carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Produce oxygen to breath