1. Cell Structure
Chapter 5

2. Typical Animal Cell
Students need to know: cell membrane, cell wall, chloropolast, cytoskeleton, cytoplams, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria (cristae and matrix), nucleus(nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, chromosomes), ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, vacuoles, vesicles

3. Cell Membrane What separates the cell from the outside environment
“Fluid Mosaic” model
Functions
Transportation of materials in and out of cell
Cell recognition
Cell communication
Homeostasis

4. Fluid Mosaic Model Cell membrane has both solid and liquid properties
Membrane made of lipid and protein
Phospholipid bilayer – fluid part
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
Proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, etc embedded in bilayer – mosaic part
Membrane is selectively permeable

5. Cell Wall
Surrounds cell membrane in plant, algae, and some bacterial cells
More protection and support
Is very porous
Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through
Made of cellulose

6. Nucleus Information center of the cell Contains DNA (in chromosomes)
Controls metabolism, growth, differentiation, structure and reproduction of the cell
Contains DNA (in chromosomes)
Controls actions of the cell including cell reproduction

7. Parts of The Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pores Nucleolus
2 membranes that surround the nucleus
Nuclear Pores
Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Small region made up of RNA and proteins
Where ribosomes are made
Chromosomes
DNA in the nucleus
Contains genetic information

8. Organelles
Small bodies with specific structures and functions within the cell

9. Cytoplasm Liquid substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Contains organelles of the cell

10. “Mighty” Mitochondria – energy makers
Largest organelle (after nucleus)
Double membrane
Change energy stored in food into compounds that can be used by the cell
Cristae – folds of inner membrane to increase SA for cellular respiration
Matrix - inner part, similar to cytoplasm of cell
Contain some of their own DNA and ribosomes
Can self replicate
Other functions
Control water/ion concentration
Cellular Respiration
C6H O ATP + 6 C H20

12. Chloroplasts – food makers for the world
In plant cells only
Trap energy from sunlight and convert it into energy that can be used by the cell
Photosynthesis (reverse cell respiration)
6 C H20 + ATP C6H O2

14. Ribosomes Structures where proteins are made Made of rRNA and protein
One of the smallest organelles
Polysomes: free floating groups of ribosomes

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Complex network of sacs
Begins just outside the nucleus
Function: transports materials through the inside of the cell
2 types
Smooth ER: no ribosomes on the walls
Lipid (hormone and steroid) synthesis
Detoxifies drugs and chemicals in the cell
Rough ER: ribosomes on walls
Protein synthesis

17. Golgi Body (Apparatus)
Proteins are sent to Golgi (from RER) for more modifications
Proteins then used in other parts of cell or transported out of cell
Golgi functions
Modifier
Collector
Packager
Distributer

19. Lysosomes – “clean up crew”
Contain chemicals and enzymes
Formed by Golgi
Not found in plants
Functions
Cellular digestion
Auto-digestion/disposal of cell components
Breakdown of whole cells
Destroy bacteria
Endocyctosis – cells that “engulf” other material
Process that allows larger items to enter the cell

20. Vacuoles – “storage tanks”
Saclike structures formed from other membranes within the cell
Store/transport water, salts, proteins, carbs
Plants usually have a single large vacuole
Vesicles are small vacuoles

21. Cytoskeleton Made of filaments and fibers
Microtubules – support for cell shape, form centrioles (used in cell division)
Cilia/flagella – made of multiple microtubules
Used for cell movement
Microfilaments – long fibers for movement and support

22. Centrioles Near the nucleus 2 cylinder shapes
Are part of cell division

23. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
Single celled organisms
Lack nucleus
Lack membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Multi- celled organisms
Have a nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles