1. Biology 12 – membranes

2. Cell structures Is this eukaryotic? Why? Is this a plant or animal cell? Why? Label the structures

3. Cell structures Is this eukaryotic? Why? Is this a plant or animal cell? Why? Label the structures Yes It has a nucleus Plant Chloroplasts, cell wall, large vacuole Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast Lysosome Golgi body Nucleus Nucleolus DNA

4. Magnification and field of view 1 magnification x 40 magnification x 400 field of view 4000  m field of view 400  m Magnification has increased by a factor of 10 Field of view has decreased by a factor of 10

5. Magnification and field of view 2 magnification x 100 magnification x 400 field of view 1600  m field of view 400  m Magnification has decreased by a factor of 4 Field of view has increased by a factor of 4

6. Size of objects under the microscope 1 Magnification x100, field of view 1600  m ~ 4 cells fit across diameter Each cell ~ 400  m

7. Size of objects under the microscope 2 Magnification x400, field of view for x100 = 1200  m Field of view for x400 = 300  m ~ 2 cells fit across diameter Each cell ~ 150  m

8. Cells exchange matter and energy In: Out: Processes:

9. Cells exchange matter and energy In: Oxygen Nutrients eg glucose (carbon dioxide and light energy in plants) Water Ions Out: Carbon dioxide Wastes eg urea (oxygen in plants) Water Ions Heat energy Processes: Respiration Synthesis Growth Division Photosynthesis (in plants)

10. Unicellular responses to the environment Give one example that demonstrates unicellular organisms respond to their environment

11. Unicellular responses to the environment Give one example that demonstrates unicellular organisms respond to their environment Engelmann’s experiment Paramecia and Amoeba changing the rate of their contractile vacuoles depending on salt concentration Euglena movement towards food & light

12. Cell membranes Sketch a typical cell membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic model Describe the roles of: Phospholipids Proteins Carbohydrates

13. Cells Sketch a typical cell membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic model. Describe the roles of: Phospholipids = A – waterproof, flexible layer, that lets in small particles Proteins = B – provides channels for larger particles (facilitated diffusions), acts as pumps (active transport), acts as receptor sites Carbohydrates = C - acts as receptor sites A B C

14. Diffusion Draw a diagram to show how materials are exchanged by diffusion

15. Movement of particles - diffusion Occurs without energy Particles will move from higher concentrations to lower concentrations

16. Osmosis Draw a diagram to show how materials are exchanged by osmosis

17. Osmosis Movement of water This occurs from areas of high water concentration (low concentration of solute) to areas of low water concentration (high concentration of solute)

18. Active transport Draw a diagram to show how materials are exchanged by active transport

19. Active transport Movement against a concentration gradient. Energy is needed

20. Exchange of material Show the movements of water and ions that would occur in both these cases Distilled water Sea water Water moves in Water moves outIons move in Ions move out

21. Determining the components of the cell membrane Beetroot lab – part A acid base waterDistilled water detergent

22. Beetroot lab part A

23. Beetroot experiment part A What hypothesis is being tested? What is the control? What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable What variables are controlled? How will this tell you about the components of the cell membrane?

24. Beetroot lab results – part A After 1 hourAfter 24 hours

25. Beetroot lab results – part A After 1 hour After 24 hours Detergent has broken down cell membranes The osmotic difference between distilled water and the cells has caused water to enter and burst cells Acidic and basic conditions starting to damage cell membranes

26. Beetroot experiment part B Beetroot lab – part B How will you change the temperature? How many different temperatures will you test? How many slices of beetroot will you use in each test tube?