1. Structure and Function of RNA

2. RNA- ribonucleic acid 1.RNA is a single strand 2.RNA is made up of smaller subunits called nucleotides 3.Nucleotides consist of: A. Sugar-ribose B. phosphate group C. nitrogen base-4 types 1. Adenine-A 2. Uracil- U 3. Guanine- G 4. Cytosine- C

3. 4. Adenine(A) pairs with Uracil(U)and Cytosine(C) pairs with Guanine(G) 5. 3 kinds of RNA A. messenger(m) RNA- carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome B. transfer(t) RNA-picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome C. ribosomal(r) RNA- found in ribosome, joins mRNA and tRNA

4. Process of transcription 1.Transcription- process that makes RNA (messenger RNA) from DNA 2.DNA unzips into 2 separate strands 3. Free floating RNA nucleotides in the nucleus pair up with these unzipped DNA nucleotides A. Cytosine(C) pairs with Guanine(G) B. Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine(A)

5. 4. After all the pairing is done, a single strand of RNA has been produced. 5. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to mRNA 6. The code obtained from DNA lets the mRNA know which amino acids to pick up A. code is a set of 3 nitrogen bases B. called a codon

7. RNA DNA RNA polymerase Figure 12–14 Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) Go to Section:

8. Process of Translation 1.Translation- conversion of mRNA into amino acid sequence that makes up a protein 2.Occurs at the ribosomes 3.The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm 4.Ribosomes attach to mRNA 5.The mRNA is read by ribosomes 3 nucleotides(codon- A G C) at a time

9. 6. As the codons are read, tRNA brings the appropriate amino acids together and they are assembled in a long chain called a protein 7. The genetic code ultimately tells the cell what proteins are made

10. Translation

12. Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus. Transfer RNA The mRNA then enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at AUG, the start codon. Each transfer RNA has an anticodon whose bases are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome positions the start codon to attract its anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds methionine. The ribosome also binds the next codon and its anticodon. mRNA Start codon Ribosome Methionine Phenylalanine tRNA Lysine Nucleus Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3 mRNA Go to Section:

13. The Polypeptide “Assembly Line” The ribosome joins the two amino acids— methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks the bond between methionine and its tRNA. The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules and amino acids. mRNA Ribosome Translation direction Lysine tRNA Ribosome Growing polypeptide chain mRNA Completing the Polypeptide The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. The result is a growing polypeptide chain. Figure 12–18 Translation (continued) Section 12-3 Go to Section:

15. Quiz #4 RNA

16. 1.RNA is single stranded, made up of ___________. a.Proteinsb. nucleotidesc. thyminesd. codons 2. Which nitrogen base for RNA does not belong? a.Uracilb. adeninec. cytosined. thymine 3. mRNA is made from DNA through a process called _______. a.Replicationb. translationc. transcription 4. Proteins are made from mRNA through a process called ____. a.Replicationb. translationc. transcription

17. 5. If a sample of DNA is A-C-T-T-G-A, what would the strand of RNA produced be? A. T-G-G-T-A-A B. U-G-A-A-C-U C. T-G-A-A-C-T