2. Environmental Governance Environment and Society Lecture 5

3. What is Governance? Sustaining coordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives, such as political actors and institutions, corporate interests, civil society and transnational organizations (Pierre, 2000).

4. Who should govern to solve environmental issues? Is it the State? The Market? Civil Society? Who?

5. State Governance Administrative, legal, bureaucratic and coercive system that attempt to structure relationships within and between civil society, public authority and the market in a polity; The State:

6. State Governance Emerged between 1960s – 1980s; Interventionist and command-and-control environmental policies; 1967 – Japan; 1969-1970 – Sweden, USA, and East Germany; The Environmental State:

7. Successful State Interventions Singapore River Before

8. Singapore River Now Successful State Interventions

9. Seoul’s River Rehabilitation

10. State Governance: The Abuse Many States have become abusive Does it work?

11. State Governance: The Abuse

12. State Governance: Simplification Jame’s Scott’s “Seeing Like a State”: State Simplification of otherwise complex social- environmental systems; Statecraft and Simplification State Simplification – tendency of the state to apply broad, universal policies that flatten the complex nature of environments and societies

13. State Governance: Simplification

14. The “Scientific” Forest – What’s wrong with this?

15. State Governance: Simplification The Productive Forest – What’s wrong with this?

16. State Governance: Simplification The “Protected” Forest – What’s wrong with this?

17. State Governance: Simplification The “Protected” Forest – Is it really protected?

18. State Governance Some argue : States becoming even more powerful and influential in governing (not governing) the environment today; Is the State Losing Control or Not?

19. State Governance Others argue: States can no longer effectively address the internationalization and globalization of environmental problems ; Is the State Losing Control or Not?

20. The “Commons” Problem Proposed by Garrett Hardin; What does Hardin argue? The Tragedy of the Commons

21. The “Commons” Problem Many environmental features are open access; Individual exploitation of open access leads to eventual erosion and collapse of the environment. Why? Cost of degradation of environment shared among users, but direct benefits from exploitation is greater; Hence, users will continue exploiting because: The Tragedy of the Commons Individual Benefits from Exploitation > Environmental Cost Shared Among Users

22. The “Commons” Problem User looks up for its own interest and therefore “free rides” (i.e. exploit it anyway, because others will exploit it) not knowing that what he does will eventually affect him; Similar to the Prisoner Dilemma. What is this? The Tragedy of the Commons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RE9PM wwaFc Watch:

23. The “Commons” Problem Hardin’s solution is to enclose the commons by State Coercion or Privatization (Market approach); Hardin prefers the market approach, because State governance will soon be controlled by one of the groups of users; Of course, other State governance issues mentioned before; But how about the Market? The Tragedy of the Commons

24. Market Governance “World markets … are now more powerful than the states” (Strange, 1996) ; Emergence of neoliberalism, (over)emphasizing the power of free market (laissez-faire approach) and privatization in solving environmental problems and just about any problem in society; The Rise of the (Free) Market

25. Market Governance Market dominance ; Inequality and accumulation of wealth among a few; Privatization leads to the benefit of the few and the harm of the many; Market produces environmental harms as well; Market-based instruments partially worked, but problems still persist. Does it work?

27. Enclosure may result in protection and conservation, but what could be the problem?

28. What if the private owner of the commons insists on a “different” kind of development?

29. Collective Action and Self-Governance Elinor Ostrom said yes, there is evidence of collective action ; But is it possible for users to self- organize for the good of the commons? There are many examples of successful collective action ;

30. Collective Action and Self-Governance Self-managed commons, such as irrigation systems

31. Collective Action and Self-Governance … and natural resource commons, such as forests, giving birth to Community-based Natural Resource Management.

32. Collective Action and Self-Governance But CBNRM still faces a lot of issues. Therefore, it is not a magic bullet either.

33. Collective Action and Self-Governance Environmental governance coincides with history. 1950s 1960s 1970s1980s 1990s 2000s State Centered Governance Neoliberal Market Governance Decentralization/Devol ution Network and Collaborative Governance

34. What is next? Collaboration between State, Market, and the Public. Why would it possibly work?

35. What is next? Building on the strengths … There is merit to building on the strengths of the State, Market, and the People; State: an effective coercive institution; Market: an effective mobilizer of capital; People: an effective manager of its own resources; Would it eventually work? We do not know yet …