1. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 1 of 27 Objectives Identify the two main classes of vitamins. List seven minerals your body needs in significant amounts. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Explain why water is so important to your body.

2. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 2 of 27 Myth As part of a healthy diet, people need to take dietary supplements Fact A diet that contains a variety of healthful foods usually supplies all the vitamins and minerals that your body needs

3. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 3 of 27 One of the first discoveries of the importance of vitamins came in the 1700s. Vitamins A Scottish doctor, James Lind, discovered that sailors who were fed citrus fruits recovered from scurvy. Today, health scientists know that scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C, which is found in abundance in citrus fruits.

4. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 4 of 27 Nutrients that are made by living things, are required only in small amounts, and that assist many chemical reactions in the body are vitamins. A nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is a vitamin. What Are Vitamins? There are two classes of vitamins fat-soluble vitamins—dissolve in fatty material water-soluble vitamins—dissolve in water

5. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 5 of 27 Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored by the body Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins Sources of fat-soluble vitamins are vegetable oils liver eggs certain vegetables

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7. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 7 of 27 Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored by the body. Water-Soluble Vitamins Examples of water-soluble vitamins are C and all of the B vitamins. Sources of water-soluble vitamins are fruits vegetables whole-grain foods and many other foods

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10. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 10 of 27 Vitamins called antioxidants help protect healthy cells from the damage caused by the normal aging process as well as from certain types of cancer. Antioxidants Vitamins C and E are two of the most powerful antioxidants. Vitamin C helps strengthen blood vessel walls, strengthens your immune system, and aids in iron absorption.

11. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 11 of 27 A nutrient that regulates many chemical reactions in the body is a mineral. Occurs naturally in rocks and soil Minerals that are required in amounts greater than 100mg are considered macro minerals. Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride (chlorine), and sulfur Your body requires very small amounts of trace minerals. Iron and zinc Minerals

12. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 12 of 27 Calcium is important in blood clotting and the functioning of your nervous system. Calcium It is an essential ingredient in the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth. A lack of calcium can sometimes lead to osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones gradually weaken.

13. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 13 of 27 Potassium and sodium work together to maintain water balance in the body. Potassium Most Americans do not consume enough potassium.

14. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 14 of 27 Iron is necessary for healthy red blood cells. Iron If a person’s diet does not include enough iron, he or she may develop anemia, a condition in which the red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin.

15. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 15 of 27 Sodium is important in several body processes, including the functioning of the heart and water balance. Sodium Too much sodium can cause a problem with blood pressure.

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18. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 18 of 27 Vitamin and mineral supplements, therefore, are not usually necessary if your diet is nutritious and well- balanced. Vitamin and Mineral Supplements An excess, or overdose, of vitamins or minerals may damage your health. If you do take a vitamin or mineral supplement, a health care provider can advise you about how much is the right amount.

19. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 19 of 27 About 65 percent of your body weight is water. Water Nearly all of the body’s chemical reactions, including those that produce energy and build new tissues, take place in a water solution.

20. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 20 of 27 Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a steady state inside your body. Water and Homeostasis When you become overheated, your body excretes perspiration, which cools your body. Thus, water regulates body temperature. Water contains dissolved substances called electrolytes that regulate many processes in your cells.

21. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 21 of 27 Dehydration is a condition in which the water content of the body has fallen to an extremely low level. Preventing Dehydration Symptoms of dehydration can include fatigue, dry mouth, dizziness, weakness, flushed skin, headache, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, dry skin, rapid pulse, and a infrequent urination.

22. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Dehydration and Blood Viscosity Blood plasma is about 90% water. As the body loses water during dehydration, the blood thickens, making it harder for the heart to pump blood through the body. Slide 22 of 27

23. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 23 of 27 Every day, you need at least ten 8-ounce cups of water if you are a female 14 to 18 years old. How Much Water? Males in the same age group need 14 cups of water per day.

24. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Slide 24 of 27 A sports drink is not necessary if you exercise for 60 minutes or less. Water Versus Sports Drinks If you exercise longer, a sports drink that contains carbohydrates may be beneficial. Sports drinks with electrolytes are not necessary unless you exercise for 5 hours or more.

25. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Herbal Supplements Supplements that contain extracts or ingredients from the roots, berries, seeds, stems, leaves, buds, or flowers of plants are herbal supplements. Herbal supplements are officially classified as food and not drugs. This means that herbal or dietary supplements do not have to be proven safe or screened by the FDA before placed on the market Slide 25 of 27

26. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Supplements - Creatine An amino acid that is made in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas is called creatine. Found in meat and fish Many teenagers use creatine to increase their athletic performance or to become more muscular. Suspicion that excessive creatine use could cause cramping, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, dehydration, muscle strain, high blood pressure, and abnormal liver/kidney function. Slide 26 of 27

27. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Supplements – Protein supplements A product taken orally that contains proteins that are intended to supplement one’s diet and are not considered food are protein supplements. Health and fitness experts say that the amount of protein needed each day is about one gram of protein per pound of body weight. Most people easily meet or exceed this requirement. Any excess protein is converted to fat and not to muscle. Slide 27 of 27

28. Section 8.2 Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Questions 1.What are vitamins? How do they differ from minerals? 2.What are the two classes of vitamins? Which vitamins fall into each class? 3.Which seven minerals are needed by the body in significant amounts? 4.What roles does water play in the body? 5.Define homeostasis. 6.What vitamins are supplied by green, leafy vegetables? By citrus fruits? 7.What are some ways that people with high blood pressure can reduce their sodium intake? 8.How can feelings of thirst help a person maintain homeostasis on a hot day? Slide 28 of 27