1. Thyroid Gland Autoimmune diseases

3. Function: Endocrine gland that produces secretes thyroid hormones

4. Diseases 1. Anatomical - Goitre (Enlarged gland) 2. Functional - Hyperthyroidism (abnormally high secretion) -Hypothyroidism (abnormally low secretion) (Commonly there is a combination of anatomic and functional diseases)

5. Commonly hereditary Environmental factors, such as infection, certain drugs, and iodine consumption, have a role in their progression. Common in women than in men Affects people between 40 and 60 years of age.

6. Autoimmune Diseases 1. Hashimotos’s thyroiditis 2. Graves’ disease The diseases are due to auto Abs against thyroid (thymoglobulin + thyroid microsome)

7. Hashimotos’s thyroiditis Named after Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto, in 1912. Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland The diseases are due to auto Abs against thyroid (thymoglobulin + thyroid microsome 5-10 times more common in women than men

9. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

10. Mild Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

11. Diagnosis 1. Clinical 2. Biochemical (usually low thyroid hormones) 3. Imaging 4. Histopathological

12. Treatment 1. Replacement 2. Surgical

14. Graves’ disease Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

15. Graves’ disease

17. Diagnosis 1. Clinical 2. Biochemical (high thyroid hormones) 3. Imaging 4. Histopathological

18. Treatment Surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine pills. Anti-thyroid medications. Beta blockers.

20. Parathyroid glands

21. Function Production and secretion of parathyroid hormones: to control calcium within the blood in a very tight range between 9.0 and 10.1.

22. Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism 1. Alone 2. part of type 1 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

23. Tetany

25. Diagnosis Clinical Low Ca level Low parathyroid hormone

26. Treatment Hormonal replacement