1. TINNITUS AHMED ALARFAJ

2. SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS: perception of sound in the absence of any acoustic, electrical, or external stimulation, more common than objective tinnitus, typically associated with a high frequency hearing loss, most common is 3000-5000Hz.SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS: perception of sound in the absence of any acoustic, electrical, or external stimulation, more common than objective tinnitus, typically associated with a high frequency hearing loss, most common is 3000-5000Hz. OBJECTIVE TINNITUS: perception of sound caused by an internal body sound or vibration may be exacerbated with a conductive hearing loss.OBJECTIVE TINNITUS: perception of sound caused by an internal body sound or vibration may be exacerbated with a conductive hearing loss.

3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: is largely unknown; however, current tinnitus models center around subcortical auditory pathways rather than cochlear dysfunctionPATHOPHYSIOLOGY: is largely unknown; however, current tinnitus models center around subcortical auditory pathways rather than cochlear dysfunction

4. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS Hearing Loss and Otologic Disorders Character of Dizziness:Character of Dizziness: Retrocochlear Lesions (Acoustic Neuromas)Retrocochlear Lesions (Acoustic Neuromas) Meniere DiseaseMeniere Disease

5. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS Medications Aspirin/NSAIDsAspirin/NSAIDs Hypertensive AgentsHypertensive Agents AminoglycosidesAminoglycosides Numerous medications have been reported to have the potential to cause tinnitusNumerous medications have been reported to have the potential to cause tinnitus

6. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS Trauma Head Injuries (WhiplashHead Injuries (Whiplash Loud Noise ExposureLoud Noise Exposure BarotraumaBarotrauma Systemic Diseases HypertensionHypertension Depression and AnxietyDepression and Anxiety Neurologic Disease (Multiple Sclerosis, Brainstem Stroke)Neurologic Disease (Multiple Sclerosis, Brainstem Stroke)

7. VASCULAR CAUSES/ PULSATILE TINNITUS Benign Intracranial Hypertension Syndrome:Benign Intracranial Hypertension Syndrome: Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM):Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM): Arterial Bruits and Venous Hums:Arterial Bruits and Venous Hums: Hypertension:Hypertension: Vascular TumorsVascular Tumors

8. MECHANICAL CAUSES Patulous Eustachian Tube:Patulous Eustachian Tube: Palatal Myoclonus:Palatal Myoclonus: Tensor Tympani Syndrome:Tensor Tympani Syndrome:

9. MANAGEMENT OF SUBJECTIVE TINNITUS Conservative ManagementConservative Management Hearing AidsHearing Aids MaskersMaskers