1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS Graphs and Tables Part #2

2. Table III-1: The Market for CDs

3. Figure III-1.1: Calculating the Elasticity of Demand for CDs Q P $20.00 D 90 10045 55 0 10 $18.00 $11.00 $9.00 $2.00 $0.00 a b e c f g Calculate E D for (1) Arc ab, (2) Arc ce, and (3) Arc fg

4. Figure III-1.2: The Demand Curve and Elasticity Q P $20 $10 50100 E D = 1 E D < 1 E D > 1 E D > 1 : Elastic Portion of the Demand Curve E D = 1: Unit Elastic Point on the Demand Curve E D < 1: Inelastic Portion of the Demand Curve

5. Figure III-1.3: Calculating the Elasticity of Supply for CDs Q P S $2.00 $4.00 0 20 40 60 a b Arc a to b, E S = 3.0 (Why?) Arc b to c, E S = ? Arc c to d, E S = ? $6.00 c $8.00 d

6. Figure III-2: The Relation Between Total Revenue and Price Q P $20.00 80 90 100 50 0 10 20 $18.00 $2.00 $0.00 a b e c $10.00 $16.00 h k E D = 1 E D > 1 E D < 1 $4.00

7. Figure III-3.1: The Elasticity of Demand and the Ease of Substitution P Q D1D1 $2.00 $2.25 500 1,000 Q = Crest Toothpaste

8. Figure III-3.2: The Elasticity of Demand and the Ease of Substitution P Q D0D0 19K 20K $2 $6 Q = Gasoline

9. Figure III-4.1: The Elasticity of Demand and the Time Horizon D SR Q P

10. Figure III-4.2: The Elasticity of Demand and the Time Horizon D LR Q P

11. Figure III-5.1: Time Horizon as a Determinant of the Elasticity of Supply P Q S SR

12. Figure III-5.2: Time Horizon as a Determinant of the Elasticity of Supply P Q S LR

13. Table III-6.1: Imposing $20 Tax on Producers

14. Table III-6.1(a): Imposing $20 Tax on Producers

15. Figure III-6.1: The Final Burden of a Tax S0S0 S TAX=$20 $20 $40 P 0 = $70 P 1 = $86 P 2 = $66 P Q 1,000 = Q 0 1350Q 1 = 920 D0D0 CB PB WL

16. UNDERSTANDING FIGURE III-6.1 1. Social Welfare Maximum at P 0 = $70 and Q 0 = 1,000 2. Impose Tax = $20, decrease in Supply 3. New Equilibrium at P 1 = $86 and Q 1 = 920 4. Consumer Burden = CB = (P 1 – P 0 )Q 1 = ($86 -$70)920 = $14,720 5. Producer Burden = PB = (P 0 – P 2 )Q 1 = ($70 - $66)920 = $3,680 6. TaxRev = T (Q TAX ) = ($20) 920 = $18,400 = CB + PB 7. WL = 1/2(80)($20) = $800 8. Note: In this situation the Welfare Losses are small (why?) and the Tax Revenues are large (why?).

17. Table III-6.1(a): Imposing $20 Tax on Producers

18. Elasticity of Demand Calculation for the Final Burden of the Tax in Figure III-6.1 – E D = (5)(172)/1840 = 86/184

19. Elasticity of Supply Calculation for the Final Burden of the Tax in Figure III-6.1 E S TAX = (20)(172)/1,840) = 344/184 Conclusion: E S TAX > E D. Therefore______.

20. Table III-6.2: Imposing $20 Tax on Producers

21. Figure III-6.2: The Final Burden of a Tax D1D1 S0S0 S TAX=$20 $20 $40 P 0 = $70 P 1 = $80 P 2 = $60 $120 P Q 1,000 = Q 0 Q 1 = 800 WL CB PB

22. UNDERSTANDING FIGURE III-6.2 1. Social Welfare Maximum at P 0 = $70 and Q 0 = 1,000 2. Impose Tax = $20, decrease in Supply 3. New Equilibrium at P 1 = $80 and Q 1 = 800 4. Consumer Burden = CB = (P 1 – P 0 )Q 1 = ($80 -$70)800 = $8,000 5. Producer Burden = PB = (P 0 – P 2 )Q 1 = ($70 - $60)800 = $8,000 6. TaxRev = T (Q TAX ) = ($20) 800 = $16,000 = CB + PB 7. WL = 1/2(200)($20) = $2,000 8. Note: In this situation the Welfare Losses are larger (why?) and the Tax Revenues are smaller (why?).

23. Table III-6.2: Imposing $20 Tax on Producers

24. Table III-6.3: Elasticity Rules Rule Elasticity Final Burden of Tax 1 When E D > E S 2 When E S > E D 3 When E S = E D

25. Figure III-7.4: The Demand for Illegal Drugs P Q D (a) Popular View P Q P Q P Q Casual Users Compulsive Users Market Demand (b) Economists’ View

26. Figure III-7.5: The Effect of Prohibition on the Market for Drugs in the Short-Run Q P D S0S0 S1S1 $2 $200 10m 12m S 0 = Legal Supply S 1 = Illegal Supply

27. Figure III-7.7: The Legal Market for Drugs Q P D S0S0 $2 12m S 0 = Legal Supply

28. Figure III-7.8: The Illegal Market for Drugs Q P S0S0 $2 10m 12m S 0 = Legal Supply S 1 = Illegal Supply D D’ S1S1 $200

29. Figure IV-1: The Paper Mill and The Farmer Paper Mill Farmer River The Paper Mill dumps its waste in the river and the Farmer downstream uses the polluted water to irrigate his fields. The damage to his crops is the external cost imposed involuntarily on the farmer. Question: Why does the Paper Mill dump its wastes in the river?

30. Table IV-2: Effect of a Negative Externality on the Market for Paper

31. Figure IV-2.1 The Effect of a Negative Externality on the Paper Market Q PAPER P D S PVT S SOC $120 P 1 = $80 P 0 = $70 $40 $20 Q 1 = 800 1,000 = Q 0

32. Figure IV-2.2 The Welfare Loss of a Negative Externality Q PAPER P D S PVT S SOC $120 P 1 = $80 P 0 = $70 $40 $20 Q 1 = 800 1,000 = Q 0 $90 WL WL = ½(200)($90 - $70) = $2,000

33. Figure IV-2.3: Central Planning Hierarchy Politburo Council of Ministers GOSPLAN Industrial Ministries State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Input Information Output Quotas

34. Table IV-3: Illustrating the Coase Theorem Assume the following: – D = Damages to the Farmer’s Crops from the Water Pollution produced by the Paper Mill – C PM = Costs to the Paper Mill to Install Pollution Control Equipment – C F = Costs to the Farmer of Cleaning the Water Used for Irrigation (Filters, Chemicals) – D = $20,000 C PM = $50,000 C F = $10,000 Paper Mill (PM) Farmer (F) Do Nothing Clean the Water Do Nothing Clean the Water F = $30,000 PM = $200,000 F = $40,000 PM = $200,000 F = $50,000 PM = $150,000 (1)(2) (3) F = Farmer’s Profits PM = Paper Mill’s Profits

35. Figure IV-3: The Four-Good Rectangle Private Goods Toll Goods Public Goods Common Pool Goods Degree of Exclusion lowhigh Degree of Rivalry high low