1. Mark Bertness: Facilitating Community Ecology Presented by: Laura Brown BIOL 7083

2. Background Born July 13, 1949 WA B.S. University of Puget Sound (psychology/chemistry) M.S. Western Washington University (Biology) Ph.D University of Maryland (evolutionary ecology) Geerat Vermeij

3. Tree Jonathan M. Levine Brian Silliman John Bruno ME!

4. Research Overview Consumer control of salt marshes Human impacts on coastal ecosystems Role of foundation species and positive interactions in community organization Climate change impacts on coastal ecosystems Historical states of impacted ecosystems

5. Cross section of a southern New England salt marsh illustrating the major vegetation zones and general results of this paper. Bertness M D et al., 2002 ©2002 by National Academy of Sciences Increasing Competition Increasing Physical Constraints

7. Spartina alterniflora Zone

11. Roots and rhizomes provide structural support Increases above ground biomass Soil drainage Soil oxidation reduction potential In situ decomposition of below- ground plant debris Facilitative Mutualism! Bertness 1985 TreatmentNumber of StemsBiomass (g) With Fiddlers23.1±2.420.6±2.5 Without Fiddlers13.3±1.415.7±1.8

12. Spartina patens Zone

13. Bertness 1991 Lower bound is set by environmental stress

14. Bertness 1991 Spartina patens Zone

15. Juncus gerardii Zone

16. Wrack!

17. Salicornia and Distichlis

18. Juncus Zone Initial colonizers Shade substrate Alleviate salt stress Bertness and Shumway 1993

19. Bertness 1992

20. Rocky Intertidal Bertness 1989

21. Community Structure Time Spatial heterogeneity Competition Predation Climatic stability Productivity Predation Hypothesis – Dominant predators keep species diversity high by reducing monopolizers Competition hypothesis – Highly diverse communities arise in environments that are stable and result from competition managed niches Menge and Sutherland 1976

22. Menge and Sutherland 1987

23. Community Structure Menge and Sutherland 1987

24. Positive interactions in communities Bertness and Callaway 1994 “Current concepts of the role of interspecific interactions in communities have been shaped by a profusion of experimental studies of interspecific competition over the past few decades. Evidence for the importance of positive interactions- facilitations- in community organization and dynamics has accrued to the point where it warrants formal inclusion into community ecology theory, as it has been in evolutionary biology.”

25. The greater influence between competition and positive interactions? Bertness and Callaway 1994

27. Facilitation Study TypeBenthics % MEPS % Facilitation3.42.2 Predation15.110.6 Propagule Supply 12.36.1 Disturbance6.84.2 Competition2.71.2 Shaded = Facilitation Open = Competition Brooker et al., 2008

29. Bruno, Stachowicz and Bertness 2003 Facilitation Niche Concept S. alterniflora zone stabilization

30. Bruno, Stachowicz and Bertness 2003 Facilitation Niche Concept S. alterniflora zone stabilization Environmental Stress Desert shrubs reduce soil temp, but outcompete for shade

31. Bruno, Stachowicz and Bertness 2003 Facilitation Niche Concept S. alterniflora zone stabilization Environmental Stress Desert shrubs reduce soil temp, but outcompete for shade Invasibility with higher richness

32. Bruno, Stachowicz and Bertness 2003 Facilitation Niche Concept S. alterniflora zone stabilization Environmental Stress Desert shrubs reduce soil temp, but outcompete for shade Invasibility with higher richness Keystone species Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Keystone species and species within those species

33. Facilitation

34. Community Structure Menge and Sutherland 1987

35. Facilitation IntraspecificInterspecific Bruno, Stachowicz and Bertness 2003

36. Conclusion CompetitionPredation Facilitation

37. Mark Bertness

38. Citations Bertness, M.D. 1985. Fiddler crab regulation of Spartina alterniflora production on a New England salt marsh. Ecology 66:1042-1055. Bertness, M.D. 1989. Intraspecific competition and facilitation in a northern acorn barnacle population. Ecology 70:257-268. Bertness, M.D. 1991. Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 72:138-148. Bertness, M.D. 1992. Ecology of New England salt marsh. American Scientist 80:260-268. Bertness, M.D., P.J. Ewanchuk and B.R. Silliman. 2002. Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. 99:13985-1398. Bertness, M.D. and R. Callaway. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Tree 9:191-193. Bertness, M.D. and S.W. Shumway. 1993. Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. The American Naturalist 142:718-724. Brooker, R.W. F.T. Maestre, R.M. Callaway, C.L.Lortie, L.A. Cavieres, G. Kunstler, P. Liancurt, K. Tielborger, J.M.J. Travis, F. Anthelme, C. Armas, L. Coll, E. Corcket, S. Delzon, E. Forey, Z. Kikvidze, J. olofsson, F. Pugnaire, C.L. Quiroz, P. Saccone, K. Schiffers, M. Seifan, B. Touzard, and R. Michalet. 2008. Journal of Ecology 96:18-34. Bruno, J.F., J.J. Stachowicz, and M.D. Bertness. 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:119-125 Menge, B.A. and J.P. Sutherland. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. The American Naturalist 110:351-369. Menge, B.A. and J.P. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. The American Naturalist 130:730-757.