1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming

2. Computer Hardware CPU Memory –Main or primary –Secondary or auxiliary Input device(s) Output device(s)

3. Computer Program A list of instructions that direct the computer hardware to perform a particular data processing tack or solve a specific problem. The program is coded in a particular programming language such as C++, Fortran, and Visual Basic. Software = a program or a collection of programs

4. Programming Languages Low level machine language: 0’s and 1’s; the native language of the machine; machine- dependent. Intermediate level assembler language: mnemonics; suggestive symbols or letters; Machine dependent; requires translator known as assembler. High level procedural language: resembles English and/or standard notation of math; machine-independent (portable); requires translator known as compiler or interpreter.

5. Types of Instructions Input: e.g., cin in C++ Process: many operator including +, -, *, / to perform arithmetic and other types of processing. Output: e.g., cout in C++

6. Types of Computer Software Systems software –Operating system: Windows, Unix –Compiler: C/C++ compiler –… Applications software –Payroll program: usually custom-designed/developed. –Airline reservation software: usually custom- designed/developed; very expensive. –Word processor: perform generic word-processing tasks for general consumers.

7. Algorithm Step-by-step instructions that lead to the solution of a problem. Example: What is the algorithm that computes the average of three arbitrary values? What is the algorithm that adds integers from 1 to 100? (not unique! Some are better or more efficient that others. Efficient in what sense?)

8. Algorithms continued Tools to help develop/specify/visualize an algorithm –Flowchart: a set of symbols (p9); less popular today but helpful to beginners to visualize the steps. –Pseudocode: informal English statements; easier to convert to a program using a structured programming language such as C or Fortran.

9. Computer Problem Solving Steps 1.Understand/formulate/specify the problem 2.Develop the algorithm, which is independent of computer languages. 3.Convert the algorithm to a program (Computer language must be chosen) 4.Test/debug (steps 1 thru 4 may be iterative) 5.Deliver

10. How to run or execute (test) a C++ program Need a C++ translator known as a compiler, which convert C++ source program (or source code) to machine language program (or object code). There are several popular C/C++ compilers available commercially or in the public domain: Borland/Turbo C/C++, Microsoft Visual C/C++, gcc compiler, etc.

11. Turbo C/C++ program development environment The Integrated Development Environment or IDE –Editor –Preprocessor and compiler –Debugger –Others

12. A simple C++ program The program displays/prints a greeting message “Hello World” Steps 1 and 2 are quite clear, we go straight to steps 3, namely code the program in C++

13. A simple C++ program continued #include int main ( ) { cout << “Hello World!” << endl; return 0; }

14. Another simple program. What does it do? #include int main ( ) { double x, y, z, avg; cout << “Enter 3 values: “; cin >> x >> y >> z; avg = ( x + y + z ) / 3; cout << “The average of three arbitrary values is “ << avg; return 0; }

15. C++ language elements (tokens) Keywords: 62 reserved word including return; each has special meaning and must not be misspelled. Identifier: names chosen by the programmer; it is usually used to name or identify a memory location (known as a variable) or a function. Operators: specifies operations Constants: may be numeric or non-numeric Punctuation symbols such as ;.

16. Tokenize the above programs In the two programs What are the keywords? What are the identifiers? What are the punctuators? What are the constants? What are the operators?

17. Question? What does #include mean? What are the rest of the lines in the program for? Why return 0? What are cin and cout? What is >>? What is <<? Are the ordering of lines (instructions) in the program important? Can one use u, v, and w in place of x, y, and z?

18. Divide and conquer: a modular approach to a complex problem