1. Director, F-Squared Laboratories Maryland Ohio North Carolina
The EMC Directive
2004/108/EC By
Ken DeVore
Director, F-Squared Laboratories
Maryland Ohio North Carolina
25AUG10kd

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3. Presentation Outline and Electromagnetic Compatibility • EMC Directive
• Brief overview of Electromagnetic Interference
and Electromagnetic Compatibility
• EMC Directive
• Apparatus and Fixed Installations
• Examples of EMC Test Methods
What information is needed for a quote

4. Can Provide for a Successful Evaluation
The Choices You Make
Now
Can Provide for a Successful Evaluation

5. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Electrical / Electronic equipment
malfunctions due to Electromagnetic
Disturbances
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
An electrical system or product's ability to
operate without causing EMI that would
interfere with other equipment (Emissions)
and without being affected by EMI from other
equipment or the environment (Immunity)

6. There are 5 basic modes of coupling
Methods of
Coupling
The coupling between systems is a physical phenomena
Limits and levels in standards are expressed in terms of these
Phenomena
There are 5 basic modes of coupling
• Electrostatic
• Capacitive
• Inductive
• Conductive
• Electric (E) and magnetic (H) radiation fields

7. Phenomena Defined “any state or process known
through the senses rather than by
intuition or reasoning”

8. Electromagnetic Fields Are Everywhere
BASIC CONCEPT
Electromagnetic Fields Are Everywhere
They are NORMAL
There are two paths
Radiated
(Airborne)
&
Conducted on Wires  

9. Note – exemptions mean there is redirection for EMC compatibility
There are
Exemptions
Note – exemptions mean there is
redirection for EMC compatibility
Equipment covered by Directive
1999/5/EC on Radio and
telecommunications terminal
equipment (R&TTE)
Certain Aeronautical products as
referred to in EC regulation No1592/2002
Radio equipment used by radio amateurs
Benign equipment

10. 2004/108/EC Directive – What Changed?
Clarification of scope and some definitions
Definition of compliance methods – DoC
Elimination of mandatory NB/CB examinations
Requirement for unique product identification
Clear treatment of fixed installations and their compliance obligations

11. The Scope of the New Directive FIXED INSTALATIONS APPARATUS
A particular combination
of apparatus used
permanently at
pre-defined locations
APPARATUS
Any
finished product or
combination thereof

12. Fixed Installation shall be installed
applying good EMC engineering practices
By using good
Segregation
Shielding
Filtering
Grounding & Bonding
Give Consideration to - - -
RF Emissions and Immunity
Line Emissions and Immunity
and Transients

13. THIS INCLUDES MOBILE INSTALLATIONS
Mobile installations are defined
as a combination of apparati
intended to be moved and operated in
a range of locations are deemed
to be apparatus.
All provisions of the EMC Directive, as defined for
apparatus, apply to mobile installations.

14. FIXED INSTALLATIONS The strategy is to manage and control EMC to
ensure the safe and reliable operation of the
Fixed Installation Project.
Functional Safety consideration of EMC issues
and the impact these may have on the safe operation
of the equipment and neighboring environment.
Functional Operation consideration
The operation of the products and co-located
equipment and systems may not be guaranteed by
solely complying with EMC regulations or test standards

15. MEET THE EMC ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
Equipment shall be designed and manufactured to
ensure that:
That the disturbance generated does not exceed
the level above in which radio and
telecommunications equipment or other equipment
cannot operate as intended……and
It has a level of immunity to the disturbances
to be expected in its intended use which allows
it to operate without unacceptable degradation
of its intended use

16. An EMC Technical Assessment Consists of - - -
Description of product Component selection
Description of environment Shielding, filtering, cables etc
Specific precautions
Performance criteria
EMC test data and reports
Design considerations and Technical Rationales

17. Develop an EMC Plan for Success
• Describe the project including systems and equipment
• Define the technical description
• What are the project EMC requirements?
• What are the project roles and responsibilities
• Provide for EMC Testing
• EMC Design Studies/PreScan EMC Testing
• EMC Maintenance requirements
• Don’t forget about your key subcontractors

18. Perform a Gap Analysis Where you think you are….where you need to be
An EMC gap analysis design study will need to be
performed to gather the EMC compliance status of
equipment in terms of Declarations of Conformity,
EN standards and if possible test reports.
EMC testing of individual suppliers’ equipment may be required where inadequate EMC performance is identified through the EMC gap analysis.

19. This is your mind about now……
Lets try to bring this all together to make sense

20. Typical EMC Test Standards
Radiated Emissions – CISPR 11 or CISPR 22
Conducted Emissions – CISPR 11 or CISPR 22
Harmonic Emissions – EN
Flicker – EN
Electrostatic Discharge – EN
Radiated Immunity – EN
Electrically Fast Transient Immunity – EN
Surge Immunity – EN
Conducted Immunity – EN
Magnetic Immunity - EN
Voltage dips/interrupts – EN

21. Electrical Ports
Inputs/Outputs
Testing - Guidance

22. RADIATED
EMISSIONS
Intentional Radiators are subject to rules (FCC, RTTE, etc) for preventing interference and maximizing the available spectrum
All other electrical products are non-intentional Radiators, such as electrical circuits, are not designed to generate RF energy, but do. As a result, they could interfere with other devices

23. Radiated Emissions Verifies that the product's EM emissions do not
exceed a level that will
interfere with the
operation of other
electrical devices in the
operating environment
in which the equipment will
be installed or utilized

24. Radiated Emissions Simulation
Performed
At a
Defined
Level in
V/m

25. Radiated Emissions at Your Clearance Requirements
Evaluation of
Radiated Emissions at Your
Location –
Clearance Requirements

26. Radiated Emissions Design Tips
Use shielded cabling
Is your enclosure shielded
Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
Use ferrites on cabling if needed
Make sure the connectors are grounded
the port properly
Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
Use multi-layer PCBs where possible

27. Conducted
Emissions
This is energy that is transmitted from an electrical device through the power cord and back into the electrical system

28. Conducted Emissions Simulation
Signal monitoring
Signal
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device

29. Conducted Emissions Design Tips
Are you using shielded cabling
Is your enclosure shielded
Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
Use ferrites on cabling if needed
Make sure the connectors are grounded
the port properly
Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
Use multi-layer PCBs where possible

30. Harmonic Emissions Harmonics is a distortion
of a normal sine wave. When a
product produces distortion it
does this at multiples of the power
line frequency are generated.

31. Harmonic Emissions Simulation
Signal monitoring
Signal
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device

32. Harmonics Emissions Design Tips
Use power factor correction circuits
The current and voltage wave forms
need to be sinusoidal

33. Flicker
Emissions
The term “flicker” applies to uncontrolled intermittent
Emissions. It is also known
as surge emission.
ie: light flicker

34. Flicker Emission Simulation
Current monitoring
Current
Monitoring
Device
Coming from the device

35. Flicker Emissions Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies

36.  ESD Immunity Electrostatic Discharges are
applied to all relevant points
while the apparatus is in
operation. These are applied
either by air and by contact

37.      ESD Immunity Simulation Electro-static discharge
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
                                     
Electro-static discharge    

38. ESD Immunity Design Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a common
ground plane
Make sure the AC mains has the 3rd wire
Ground and is used
If a plastic enclosure, consider conductive
coatings or another sort of shielding
With keyboards consider using a
“back-plane” ground sheet

39. Radiated Immunity Evaluated by controlling a signal source
and power levels to generate field levels
over a defined set of frequencies

40. Radiated Immunity Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use

41. Radiated Immunity Design Tips
Are you using shielded cabling
Is your enclosure shielded
Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
Use ferrites on cabling if needed
Make sure the connectors are grounded
properly
Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
Use multi-layer PCBs where possible

42. (Electrical Fast Transients)
EFT
(Electrical Fast Transients)
Immunity
EFT is a test process to demonstrate
the equipment’s resistance to line
transients through the connecting
leads simulating relay and
contact bounce

43. EFT Immunity Simulation Signal injection
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Signal injection
Controlled
Signal
Source

44. EFT Immunity Design Tips
Make sure the enclosure has a
common ground plane
Does your unit have a power
line filter
Are there transient suppression
components employed on the PCBA
Use shielded cables
Employ multi-layer PCBs

45. Surge Immunity This tests the equipment’s level of
resistance or immunity to surges
caused by over voltages from
switching and lightning transients

46.    Surge Immunity Simulation Pulse injection
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Pulse injection  
Controlled
Pulse
Source 

47. Surge Immunity Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies
Are there surge suppressors installed

48. Conducted Immunity Evaluates the product’s ability to resist
electrical signals that may be generated
by the switching of inductive loads or
contactors

49. Conducted Immunity Simulation Signal injection
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Signal injection
Controlled
Signal
Source

50. Conducted Immunity Design Tips
Are you using shielded cabling
Is your enclosure shielded
Are there I/O line filters
Use ferrites on cabling if needed
Use multi-layer PCBs where possible
Are you using a power line filter

51. Magnetic Field Immunity
Evaluates the product’s ability to resist
Magnetic Fields that may be present
In the product’s installation

52. Magnetic Field Immunity Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
EM Field Exposure
Controlled
Signal
Source

53. Magnetic Field Immunity
Design Tips
Are you using shielded cabling
Is your enclosure shielded
Limit your “vent” openings in the enclosure
Use ferrites on cabling if needed
Make sure the connectors are grounded
properly
Make sure the enclosure has a continuous
ground
Use multi-layer PCBs where possible

54. Voltage Dips & Interrupts Immunity
Simulates voltage variations,
and interruptions caused by
short circuits or rapid changes
in power. This may cause a sudden
and extreme increase in current and a
reduction in voltage

55. Voltage Dips/interrupts Immunity Simulation
Consider the acceptable limits
of performance for your device
within the application of use
Voltage injection
Controlled
Voltage
Source

56. Voltage Dips/interrupts
Immunity
Design Tips
Use pre-approved power supplies

57. Have you Noticed Commonality in EMC Design Tips?
Shielded cabling
Grounding
Filtering where necessary
Good workmanship practices
Using approved power supplies

58. define additional requirements
You may find the need to
define additional requirements
that could include:
Addressing special cases unique to the environment
• Addressing limitations with the standards
• Ensuring installed systems and not just the individual
equipment are EMC compliant
EMC must also be maintained during installation
and maintenance

59. DOC Annex IV of the EMC Directive
The EC declaration of conformity must contain:
A reference to the applicable directive
Identification to the apparatus
Name and address of manufacturer and authorized Community representative if applicable
Dated reference to the specifications to which conformity is declared
Date of the declaration
Identity and signature of person empowered to bind the company

60. What are the Basics For an RFQ?
Identify the countries you wish to place the product
Draw a simple block diagram
Courtesy Power Outlet 220VAC
120psi air input
220VAC/50Hz/5A
I/O out to Actuator (15m)
Device
Or System
For
Evaluation
I/O in from PC (3m)
48VDC Motor Power (10m)
List all electrical inputs & outputs and identify if they are
power or I/O
Provide the maximum lengths for each input & output cable
Identify any fluid, gas or air requirements and pressures

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