1. AERONAUTICS

2. Classifications Lighter-Than-Air Specialized Heavier-Than-Air
Free Balloons
Airships
Specialized
Kite-Balloons
Kites
Parachutes ???
Heavier-Than-Air
Ornithopters
Helicopters
Gliders
Aeroplanes
Ballistic Rockets

3. Outline Early Origins First Balloon Ascents
Kite Balloons, Kites & Parachutes
Epoch Of The Airship
Ornithopters
Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders
Powered Aeroplane
Jet Power
Rockets
Helicopters

4. Early Origins Daedalus & His Son, Icarus
Escaped Imprisonment From Crete With Wings Made From Feathers & Wax. Flew Too Close To Sun.
Archytas Of Tarentum (4th Century BC)
Made Wooden Pigeon Which Flew
Roger Bacon & Albert The Great (1200s)
Albert Of Saxony (1300s)
Leonardo da Vinci (1400s)
Parachutes, Helicopters, Ornithopters (Bird Flight)
Robert Hooke (Late 1600s)
Experiments With Flying Machines - Records Lost

5. First Balloon Ascents Bartholomeu Lourenco de Gusmao (1709)
Hot-Air Model - No Passengers
Demonstrated Before King Of Portugal
Joseph & Etienne Montgolfiere
Man-Carrying Hot-Air Model (1782)
J.F. Pilatre de Rozier & Marquis d’Arlandes
First Free-Flight By Man (1783)
“Montgolfiere” Balloon
7.5 Miles, 26 Minutes
3000 ft
78000 ft3

6. First Balloon Ascents J.A.C. Charles (1746-1823)
Hydrogen Would Be More Efficient Than Hot Air
Isolated By Henry Cavendish (1766)
“Charliere” Made First Flight 10 Days After de Rozier & d’Arlandes
27 Miles, 2 Hours
9000 ft

7. First Balloon Ascents
Montgolfiere
Charliere

8. Kite Balloons Military Development Of Free Balloon
Used For Observation - WW I
First Practical Kite Balloon - German “Drachen”
Elongated Gas-Filled Balloon (1896)
Led To Zeppelin Development

9. Kites Chinese (1000 BC) Europe - Romans (1400s)
Man-Lifting Purposes ?
Europe - Romans (1400s)
Single Monoplane Lifting Surfaces
Box-Kite (1893)
Hargrave
More Efficient
Tandem Biplane Lifting Surfaces
Man-Lifting !

10. Parachutes Known To Ancient Chinese Leonardo da Vinci (1400s-1500s)
Early Experimenters
Blanchard (1777) - dropped Animals
Montgolfiere (1779)
A.J. Garnerin (1797) - First Human Jump
A. Berry (1912) - First Aeroplane Jump
E.M. Maitland (1913) - First Airship Jump
1920s - First Free-Fall Packed Parachutes

11. Epoch Of The Airship Balloons - Problems Charles (1784)
Navigation - Paddles, Oars, Propellers
Elongated Workable Dirigible Balloon
Helped Navigation
Light & Powerful Means Of Propulsion
Charles (1784)
Elongated A Hydrogen Balloon
Air-Filled Ballonet Contained Within Main Envelope
T. Monck Mason (1843) - 6 mph
Le Berrier (1844) - Steam Powered

12. Epoch Of The Airship H. Giffard (1852) - Shown First Pratical Model
First Man-Carrying Airship
17 Miles At 5 mph
3 hp Steam Engine
3 Bladed Propeller
First Pratical Model
Renard & Krebs
1884
9 hp Electric Motor
5 Miles At 14 mph

13. Epoch Of The Airship Rigid Airship - Hydrogen
D. Schwarz (1897) - Unsuccessful
Count F. von Zeppelin (1900)

14. Epoch Of The Airship Royal Naval Air Service British Airship R101
“Coastal” Class
WW I ( )
Non-Rigid
Hydrogen
Two 112 kW Engines
British Airship R101
1929
Passenger Service
Water Ballast

15. Ornithopters Flapping-Wing Flying-Machines Leonardo da Vinci - Shown
Marey (1892) - Flight Of Pigeons Recorded
Current Aerodynamic & Physics Theory
Possible ?????

16. Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders
Hooke (1655) - Thought About Fixed-Wing Flight
Sir George Caylay
“Father Of Aerial Navigation”
Aerodynamic Lift & Drag Forces (1799)
Experimental Gliders (1804)
Full Size Man Carrying Glider (1852/53)
No Complete Records Survive

17. Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders
Otto Lilienthal
Applied Principles Of Caylay
Contol & Stability
Flew Gliders
Over 1000 Fights
Died In Crash (1896)
Worked On Power
P.S. Pilcher
Followed Lilienthal
Died In Crash (1899)
Both Would Have Beaten Wright Bros.

18. Fixed Wing Flight - Gliders
Octave Chanute
Gliding Experiments
Used Hargrave’s Box Kites To Develop Gliders
Encouraged Wright Bros.
Passed On Trussed Biplane Design
Passes Information Between America & Europe
Voisin Bros.
Two Box Kite Gliders With Pontoons (1905)
Towed By Boat
Wright Bros.
Experimented Extensively With Gliders
3 Versions , 1901, 1902

19. Powered Aeroplane Aerodynamic Theory Powered Model Aeroplanes
Caylay (1799)
Trial & Error
Lanchester (1907 & 1908)
From Hydrodynamic Theory (Bernoulli, Euler, Etc.)
Powered Model Aeroplanes
First - de la Croix (1857)
Steam Powered - S. P. Langley (1896)
0.75 Miles With 16’ Wing Span

20. Powered Aeroplane W.S. Hensen - Patent (1842)
Large Transport Aeroplane - Steam Engine
Never Flew
150’ Wing Span
“Aerial Transit Company”

21. Wright Bros. Orville (Bicycle Manufacturer) & Wilbur
First Powered, Sustained, & Controlled Flight
“Flyer” - Tailless Pusher Biplane (Dec 17, 1903)
12 secs, 40 yds Long, 3ft High, 30 mph
12 hp Petrol Engine
Kitty Hawk, NC

22. Wright Bros. Am. Press Ignored Their Success For Several Years
Third “Flyer” - 24 Miles In 38 min
Gov’t Contract - One Biplane (1908)
1908 Wright Biplane (Kitty Hawk Museum)
Control By Front Elevators, Wing Warping, Double Rudder

23. Santos-Dumont 14 bis Alberto Santos-Dumont
Independently In Europe
Powered, Sustained, Controlled
Tail First Pusher Biplane - Hargrave Style
Octobe 23, yards
50 hp Antoinette Petrol Engine
Wright Bros. Were Quickly Out-Paced