1. Transponder Basics Phil King, Herefordshire Gliding Club

2. Overview Secondary Surveillance Radar Mode A Mode A/C Mode S (selective) Mode S/ES (extended squitter) ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast) STCA (Short Term Conflict Alert) TCAS (Traffic alert Collision Avoidance System) Flarm

3. Acronyms ACAS – Airborne Collision Avoidance System ADS-B – Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast CAT – Commercial Air Traffic EHS – (Mode S) Enhanced Surveillance ELS – (Mode S) Elementary Surveillance ES – Extended Squitter GA – General Aviation LAST – Light Aviation SSR Transponder LPST – Low Power SSR Mode-S Transponder SSR – Secondary Surveillance Radar STCA – Short Term Conflict Alert TCAS – Traffic alert Collision Avoidance System TMZ – Transponder Mandatory Zone TRA(G) – Temporary Reserved Areas (Gliders) UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

4. Secondary Surveillance Radar Primary radar relies on passive reflection Secondary radar co-located with primary SSR beam interrogates transponders Transponder reply depends on its mode ATC computers use SSR to tag primary echoes with identifier and height

5. Mode A Developed from 2 nd World War IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) Limited number of squawk codes (4096) Non-selective – all transponders respond to every interrogation broadcast Typically high power requirements: –Frequent transmissions –Power hungry transmitter

6. Mode A/C Incorporates mode A … plus … Altitude (i.e. Flight Level) as well as identifier Extra power required to heat the altimeter to a constant temperature

7. Mode S (selective) Incorporates mode A/C ability … plus … Less power required because: –Transmitter is typically more efficient –Altimeter does not need a heater Can respond selectively: –If the SSR interrogates selectively –Can reduce power even more Two levels of function (and price!): –ELS: Elementary Surveillance (gliders & light aircraft) –EHS: Enhanced Surveillance (for CAT)

8. Mode S/ES (extended squitter) As for mode S plus … Periodically broadcasts GPS position & velocity Potentially provides one half of an airborne collision avoidance system Provides some interoperability with ADS-B

9. ADS-B Broadly equivalent to Mode S/ES 150 mile range Does not need a ground-based radar system Already in use in Alaska & Australia Arguably the system of the future

10. STCA (Short Term Conflict Alert) Automated system which alerts ATC Requires transponders on both aircraft Requires at least one aircraft to be in contact with ATC

11. TCAS (Traffic alert Collision Avoidance System) Is an Airborne Collision Avoidance System Receives transponder signals Works with mode A/C, S, or S/ES Mandatory for CAT Useless at detecting non-transponder aircraft

12. Flarm Good value collision avoidance 11,000 in use High take up in the Alps and Germany Growing take up in UK Short range (a few kilometres) Ideal for gliders and slow speed aircraft May be unsuitable for ATC or CAT Unacceptable as an alternative to mode S

13. The End