1. Center for Remote Sensing and Computational Ecology PREDICTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL IOPs ON THE WEST FLORIDA SHELF W. Paul Bissett Florida Environmental Research Institute John J. Walsh, Dwight A. Dieterle, and Jason Jolliff Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida

2. Contributors to the Presentation This work presented here is part of a larger program to predict Inherent and Apparent Optical Properties (IOPs and AOPs) in the coastal ocean (ONR HyCODE program) and the Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (ONR/NSF/NOAA/EPA ECOHAB). Field data provided by – –R. Arnone, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center –T. Hopkins & T. Sutton, University of South Florida –G. Kirkpatrick, Mote Marine Laboratory –S. Lohrenz, University of Southern Mississippi –R. Weisberg, University of South Florida

4. Red Tides on the West Florida Shelf Gymnodinium breve Breve-toxin causes fish kills and respiratory ailments. In 1996, an extended G. breve bloom was implicated in the deaths of 149 manatees off west coast of Florida.

5. West Florida Shelf (WFS) ECOHAB Control Volume

6. EcoSim 1.0 Review –four functional groups of phytoplankton –heterotrophic and chemolithic bacteria –two forms of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen –spectral light (5 nm resolution) –differential (non-redfield) carbon and nitrogen cycling –grazing, sinking, and excretion –particulate remineralization –nitrification and nitrogen-fixation –surface gas exchange –colored dissolved organic carbon cycling

7. EcoSim 2.0 Formulation

8. Transition from 1- to 3-dimensional coding. Addition of phosphorous, silica, and iron as limiting nutrients. –All POM and DOM state variables are independent, allowing for “non-Redfield” stoichiometry. Addition of 3 new phytoplankton functional groups. –Coastal diatoms, coastal dinoflagellates, and G. breve. Living particulate detritus absorption addition to phytoplankton inherent optical properties (IOPs). New CDOM cycling dynamics. –Color is now conserved and assumed to be recalcitrant to bacterial remediation. Bottom boundary claims all fluxing particulate material. –Sediment chlorophyll a can be as high as overlying waters.

9. EcoSim Light Model For each depth interval light attenuation c(,t) = a(,t) + b(,t) absorption a(,t) = a water ( ) + a phyto ( ) + a CDOM ( ) + a sed ( ) scattering b(,t) = b water ( ) + b phyto ( ) + b CDOM ( ) + b sed ( ) backscattering b b (,t) = b b,water ( ) + b b,phyto ( ) + b b,CDOM ( ) + b b,sed ( ) geometric structure of light  d ( ) = fxn[b(,t),c ( ,t),  0 ( )] diffuse light attenuation  d ( ) = [a(,t) + b b ( ,t)]/  d ( )] water leaving radiance to a satellite L u ( ) = fxn[a(,t),b( ,t), b b ( ,t),E d (,t),  d ( ),  d (  u ( )]

10. West Florida Shelf (WFS) ECOHAB Control Volume Florida Middle Grounds

11. Aerial Photograph of Trichodesmium St. Petersburg Beach, FL July 7, 1995 Trichodesmium Bloom

12. Location of G. breve October 2000

14. Mooring Locations on WFS Ocean Circulation Group (http://ocg6.marine.usf.edu/) R. Weisberg USF

15. September 1998

16. October 1998

17. November 1998

18. December 1998

19. 2-Dimensional Representation of WFS

20. High Resolution Sampler (HRS) T. Hopkins & T. Sutton (USF) September 22-23, 1998

21. Mote Marine EcoHAB Cruise G. Kirkpatrick September 22, 1998

22. EcoSim 2.0 Nutrients (Day 270)

23. EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 270)

24. EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 270)

25. EcoSim Phytoplankton C:N Ratio (Day 270)

26. EcoSim 2.0 Particulate and CDM Absorption 412 and 487 nm (Day 270)

27. EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation 412 and 487 nm (Day 270)

28. EcoSim 2.0 Predicted Particulate Absorption (Day 270) Measured Absorption a ph ( ) S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998 9 m, near-shore Chl a = 1.34 mg m -3 2 m, near-shore Chl a = 1.61 mg m -3 Chl a = 0.95 mg m -3 (>3 micron)

29. EcoSim 2.0 Predicted Particulate Absorption (Day 270) Measured Absorption a ph ( ) S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998 1 m, off-shore Chl a = 0.18 mg m -3 3 m, off-shore Chl a = 0.14 mg m -3 Chl a = 0.14 mg m -3 (>3 micron)

30. EcoSim 2.0 Predicted Particulate Absorption (Day 270) Measured Absorption a ph ( ) S. Lohrenz (USM) October 1998 39 m, off-shore Chl a = 0.46 mg m -3 68 m, off-shore Chl a = 0.45 mg m -3 Chl a = 0.38 mg m -3 (>3 micron)

31. EcoHAB Process Cruise G. Kirkpatrick (MML) October 5 – 12, 1998

32. SeaWiFS K d (490) Calculation October 6, 1998 B. Arnone (NRL-Stennis) 5.00 1.25 0.31 0.08 0.02 m -1

33. SeaWiFS (SeaBAM) Chlorophyll a October 6, 1998 B. Arnone (NRL-Stennis) 45.0 7.61 1.32 0.23 0.04 m -1

34. EcoSim 2.0 Nutrients (Day 306)

35. EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 306)

36. EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 306)

37. EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation 412 and 487 nm (Day 306)

38. Mote Marine EcoHAB Cruise G. Kirkpatrick November 23, 1998

39. EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 324)

40. EcoSim 2.0 Chlorophyll a (Day 324)

41. EcoSim 2.0 Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation 412 and 487 nm (Day 324)

42. EcoHAB Process Cruise G. Kirkpatrick November 16-19, 1998

43. EcoSim 2.0 Phytoplankton Carbon (Day 324) Reduced Grazing Pressure on G. breve

44. Summary EcoSim 2.0 appears to generate reasonable IOP predictions across the West Florida Shelf in 1998. –But freshwater fluxes are critical to near-shore predictions of IOPs. –Reconstruction of phytoplankton absorption spectral from pigment specific absorption yields errors in the blue. G. breve populations are minimal at all times during the year, including Loop Current intrusions. –Only way to get G. breve bloom is to increase nutrients without Si and reduce grazing. –Nitrogen-fixation may yield excess N, but is phosphorous limited in shelf waters.

45. Movies Nutrients Phytoplankton Carbon Chlorophyll a Particulate and CDM Absorption Total Absorption and Diffuse Attenuation