1. Chapter 4 Page 92

2. 1. Renewable and Nonrenewable resources a. Renewable – can be replenished over short periods of time 1) Days – decades 2) Plants/animals for food, trees, wind, solar

3. b. Nonrenewable – take “millions” of years to form 1) Gone if they run out 2) Coal, oil, natural gas, metals

4. c. Increasing population causes greater demand on resources

5. 2. Fossil Fuels a. Hydrocarbons used as an energy source b. Coal, oil, and natural gas c. Coal (“black gold”) 1) Form from plants under heat and pressure

6. 2) 4 stages a) Peat – partially decayed plant material b) Lignite (brown coal) – sedimentary rock c) Bituminous coal (soft coal) – another sedimentary rock d) Anthracite (hard coal) – metamorphic rock

8. 3) Becomes harder from one stage to next 4) Bituminous is most efficient (Fig. 2 pg 95) 5) Most is used for electricity

9. 6) Problems a) Surface mining – damages land b) Underground mining – dangerous and costly c) Burning causes pollution (acid rain)

10. d. Petroleum and Natural Gas 1) Formation a) Large quantities of animals and plants die b) Covered w/sediment quickly c) Prevents decaying d) Subject to heat and pressure for long periods of time e) Slowly converted to liquid (oil) and gas

11. f) Pressure squeezes out H 2 O, oil, and gas g) Oil and gas begin to rise to the surface h) Sometimes oil and gas get trapped

12. 2) Trapping/holding a) Permeable reservoir rock allows oil to rise (Limestone & sandstone) b) Cap (ceiling) rock traps oil (shale) c) Anticlines, faults, salt domes

13. A. Anticline B. Fault C. Salt dome D. Stratigraphic

14. 3) Drilling a) Drill through cap rock b) Pressure is released c) Oil and gas move toward the hole d) Pump lifts petroleum out http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PrSZMOCnWU

15. 3. Tar Sands and Oil Shale a. Tar Sands 1) Mixture of sand, clay, water, bitumen (black tar) 2) Very high viscosity makes it difficult to be pumped out 3) Alberta has largest deposits a) Core of Canada’s economy b) Wealthiest province in Canada c) Shares wealth with all of Canada

16. 4) Mining and preparing a) Sand is collected b) Heated w/pressurized steam c) Bitumen softens and begins to rise d) Processed to remove impurities e) Add hydrogen f) Refine into oil

17. 5) Problems a) Requires about half the energy the end product yields b) Large environmental issues c) Requires lots of water d) Used water is contaminated and toxic e) Only 10% of tar sands can be surface mined

18. 6) Effects/lifestyle a) Typically 12 hr days 7 days a week for 3 weeks, then 1 week off b) Starting pay - $35/hr w/o high school diploma c) Pay causes high school dropout rate d) Fort McMurrary has highest drug, crime, suicide, car accident rate in the province

20. b. Oil Shale 1) Contains kerogen (hydrocarbon) 2) Mined and heated to vaporize kerogen 3) Vapor has impurities removed 4) Refined 5) Roughly %50 of world supply is in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming

21. 6) Problems a) 1/8 the energy of crude oil b) Contains lots of minerals raising cost to: i. Mining ii. Processing iii. Waste disposal c) Requires large amounts of water in dryer areas

22. 1. Solar energy a. Direct use of sun’s energy for heat or electricity b. Advantages 1) Free 2) Non-polluting

23. c. Disadvantages 1) High cost to install 2) Night, cloudy days, winter

24. 2. Nuclear energy a. Energy comes from radioactive material b. Nuclei is split into smaller ones releasing neutrons and heat c. Neutrons split adjacent nuclei d. Controlled – nuclear power plant e. Uncontrolled – atomic bomb

26. f. Disadvantages 1) Building facility is expensive 2) Nuclear waste 3) Accidents could allow radioactive material to escape (pg 104) a) 1979 – Three Mile Island b) 1986 – Chernobyl c) 2011 – Japan

27. 3. Wind energy a. Clean, free, and renewable b. Disadvantages 1) Need land 2) Constant upkeep 3) Noise pollution 4) Environmental issues

28. 1) Kills birds and bats 2) Make wide access roads 3) Need new transmission lines 4) Concrete foundations

29. 4. Hydroelectric power a. Water moves turbines which create electricity b. Reservoir has “stored” energy c. Disadvantages 1) Depositing sediment 2) Needs height for the water to fall 3) Need fast currents 4) Changes environment

30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sabk7Khq0kQ

31. 5. Geothermal energy a. Using natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water b. Caused from magma c. Water is used directly for heating and turbines to produce electricity d. Advantages 1) Clean 2) Little environmental impact

32. e. Disadvantages 1) Reservoirs usually can’t be recharged 2) Typically only last 10-15 yrs 3) Have to continually drill more holes

33. 6. Tidal power a. Build dam across a bay w/large tidal ranges b. In and out flow drives turbines producing electricity c. Need tidal range of at least 8m and a narrow, enclosed bay

35. 1. Water Planet a. 71% of earth covered by water b. Less than 1% is usable freshwater c. Pollution 1) Point source pollution – source of pollution is known 2) Nonpoint source pollution – origin is not specifically known (runoff) 3) Table 2 pg 109

36. 2. Earth’s Blanket of Air a. 78% N, 21% O, 1% everything else b. Gives air to breathe c. Protects from radiation (O 3 ) d. Greenhouse gases keep earth warm (CO 2, CH 4, water vapor) e. Pollution could cause major health problems

38. 3. Land resources a. Provides soil, forests, minerals, and energy b. Damaging land 1) Mining 2) Farming 3) Deforestation 4) Landfills/waste facilities

39. 1. America has 6% of world’s population yet consumes 1/3 of the world’s resources and contribute 1/3 of the world’s garbage 2. Conservation – careful use of resources 3. Sustainability – living in a way which provides resources for many years

41. 4. Keeping Water Clean and Safe a. Clean Water Act (1972) 1) Forced companies to stop point source pollution 2) Increased Sewage treatment plants 3) Safe surface waters increased from 36 – 62%

42. b. Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) 1) Set maximum levels for contaminants that could harm people 2) Public water resources became cleaner

43. 5. Protecting the Air a. Clean Air Act – regulated CO, O3, Pb, SO2, and others b. Companies use low sulfur coal and pollution filters c. Use renewable energy sources d. Electric/hybrids cars

44. 6. Caring for Land Resources a. Preventing pollution b. Living sustainably c. Farming 1) Against contour 2) Crop rotation 3) Leaving stalks in ground 4) Less fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides d. Selective cutting vs. clear-cutting

45. e. Sanitary landfills f. Laws and regulations for hazardous waste g. Recycling Bingham Canyon Page 117

46. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvH-h7TzSsE Oil Formation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RARgmEh-LE Safety and drilling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmSNRTU1Vw