1. 206AR-WEEK 6 DESIGN: DRAWINGS & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY

2. DRAWINGS WARM-UP

3. Watch the video and talk about these questions.  Do you like drawing?  Are you good at it?  Why do architects need drawing skills?  Could you be an architect?  What skills do you need to be an architect?

4. DRAWING?? The ART or SKILL of making pictures, plans, etc. by using a pen or pencil

5. How many types of drawing do you know?

6. Engineering Drawing (ED)  A type of technical drawing used to define requirements for engineered items  More than just the drawing of pictures  A graphical language communicating ideas and information  Communicates all needed information from the engineer who designed a part to the workers who will make it.

7. Engineering Drawing (ED)  ED & AD are both types of drawing  ED shares some traits with AD in that both create pictures.  The purpose of AD is to convey emotion or artistic sensitivity in some way (subjective impressions).  The purpose of ED is to convey information (objective facts).

8. Engineering Drawing (ED)  Anyone can appreciate AD (even a viewer has his own unique appreciation)  ED requires some training to understand (like any language)  But there is also a high degree of objective commonality in the interpretation (also like other languages).  ED has evolved into a language that is more precise than natural languages  It is closer to a programming language in its communication ability.

9. Read the text «Drawings» in five minutes. Underline the words and sentences you don’t understand. READING

10. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  In engineering, most design information is shown on drawings.  They are produced on computer, using CAD (computer-aided design) systems.  CAD is pronounced as a word: /kæd/.

11. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  Vocabulary item (CAD) Sample sentences  CAD systems which work in 3 dimensions will produce ‘drawing’ files using 3D position co-ordinates.  A drawing office can get rid of two-thirds of its employees if it installs a CAD system.

12. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  A key factor on a drawing is the scale – that is, the size of items on the drawing in relation to their real size.  Scale: The relationship between the actual size of sth and its size on a map, diagram, or model that it represents  When all the items on a drawing are shown relative to their real size, the drawing is drawn to scale, and can be called a scale drawing.

13. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  An example of a scale is 1:10 (one to ten). At 1:10, an object with a length of 100 mm in real life would measure 10 mm on the drawing.  It was a scale drawing of a miniature microphone, perfectly reproduced, which was in reality no larger than a sugar cube.  Both plans are drawn to the same scale.  Our models are made to scale.

14. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  Most engineering designs consist of a set of drawings (a number of related drawings):  General Arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or structures, using a small scale. This means objects on the drawing are small, relative to their real size (for example, a 1:100 drawing of an entire building).

15. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES

18.  Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale, such as 1:5 or 1:2.  Small parts are sometimes shown in a detail as actual size (1:1), or can be enlarged to bigger than actual size (for example, 2:1).

19. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES  For electrical circuits, and pipe and duct networks, it is helpful to show designs in a simplified form. In this case, schematic drawings (often referred to as schematics) are used. An everyday example is the map of a train network.  Schematic: In the form of a diagram that shows the main features or relationships but not the details.  NOTE: When written, drawing is often abbreviated to dwg.

20. DRAWING TYPES & SCALES

21. COMP. Qs (ask & answer the Qs. in pairs) 1) What kinds of drawings does Part A mention? Ans: General arrangement, detail, and schematic dwgs 2) Describe each drawing type, indicating the differences among them. Ans: GA dwgs show whole devices or building, using a small scale. On the other hand, detail dwgs show parts in detail, using a large scale. Schematic dwg, different from the two, show designs such as electrical circuits or duct (tube or pipe) networks in a very simplified form.

22.  Technicians are discussing different views shown on drawings (looking at components from above, from the side, etc.) as they search for the information they require.  We need a view from above showing the general arrangement of all of the roof panels –a plan of the whole area. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

23.  Plan: A drawing of a building, room, or machine as it would be seen from above, showing the shape, size, and position of the wall, doors, and windows, etc.  A street plan (= a type of map of a town showing the roads)  An easy way of planning a new bathroom is to draw a 1:20 scale plan of the room on graph paper.  So the most helpful thing to do before you start shopping is to draw up a scale plan of the room. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

24.  According to the list, there are elevations of all four sides of the machine on drawing 28. So one of those should show the front of the machine.  Elevation: One side of a building, or a drawing of this by an architect  This plan shows the front, side and back elevations of the new supermarket.  Only one of the four elevations of the building will be seen with the foreign office. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

25.  This sketch shows the front elevation of the house. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

26.  This sketch shows side elevation of the house.

27.  There should be a section through the pipe, showing the valve inside, on drawing 36.  Section: a drawing or a diagram of sth as it would look if it were cut from top to bottom or from one side to the other.  The illustration shows a section through a leaf.  The architect drew the house in section. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

28.  Figure 5.1 shows a section through the window. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

29. TYPES O VIEWS ON DWG  This diagram shows the shops in section.

30.  We need an exploded view of the mechanism, showing the components spaced out.  Exploded: showing the parts of sth separately but also showing how they are connected to each other  An exploded diagram of an engine TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

31.  An exploded view drawing is a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.  An exploded view shows an assembly's components spread out, but positioned to show how they fit together when assembled.  You create exploded views by selecting and dragging parts in the graphics area, creating one or more explode steps. In exploded views you can: TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

32.  Evenly space exploded stacks of components (hardware, washers, and so on).  Attach a new component to the existing explode steps of another component. This is useful if you add a new part to an assembly that already has an exploded view.  If a subassembly has an exploded view, reuse that view in a higher-level assembly.  Add explode lines to indicate component relationships. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

33.  Oblique projection: shows an object with one of its faces at the front. The 3D shape of the object is shown by lines at 45 degrees from the horizontal.  A 45° plan oblique projection is sometimes referred to as an axonometric/cavalier projection.

34. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG  Isometric projection: shows an object with one of its corners at the front. The 3D shape of the object is shown by lines at 30 degrees from the horizontal.  It is an isometric view of a cube.  The isometric projection gives equal emphasis to all three dimensions, which are orientated at 120° intervals.

35. TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG

36. DRAWINGS VOCABULARY WORKSHEET

37. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT WARM-UP

38. Talk about these questions.  When you are designing a house, how can you learn about your customer’s wishes?  If you are working as a team, how can you work in coordination?

39. Vocabulary items (Part A) Brief (n.):  The detailed instructions or information that are given at a meeting Design brief:  A written document for a design project, which includes a description of design objectives  This is a brief outline of exactly what designers have to do.  This outline summarizes the aim of designers’ task and states briefly the type of thing that is needed.

41. Read the text «Design Development» in five minutes. Underline the words and sentences you don’t understand. READING

42. Vocabulary items (Part A) Let’s imagine I am a website designer and you want me to design a website. Obviously, unless you tell me what you want, in the way of content, layout and colourings etc - or at least some ideas, I wouldn’t know where to start, so the information I would want from you is the design brief: a set of instructions or suggestions as a starting point from which to proceed further.

43. Vocabulary items (Part A)  There are essentially two types of design brief that you could use. The first is an "open brief" and the second is a "closed brief".

44. Vocabulary items (Part A) An open design brief This type of design brief enables you to devise (create) many possible solutions to the need. It allows you to have a large degree of freedom to experiment with a range of design proposals (ideas). An open brief does not tell you what the solution is going to be and will be useful if you do not know exactly what you are going to produce at this stage.

45. Vocabulary items (Part A) A closed design brief This will limit the range of solutions you can determine for your project and limits your design ideas by suggesting (offering) the type of solution you have to produce. It doesn't tell you exactly what your design will look like but it will state what the solution will be.

46. Vocabulary items (Part A) Concept (n.):  An idea of how sth is, or how sth should be done.  A design concept is the general idea for a design.  For instance a design concept for a website might sound like "It will be mostly dark muted colors with some orange highlights, and use the theme of circles that will be repeated throughout the site. "

47. Vocabulary items (Part A) Sketch (n.):  a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details E.g. She drew a sketch map of the area to show us the way. E.g. Richard drew a rough sketch of his apartment on a napkin. E.g. An automobile is born in a simple sketch and finally hits the road years later, after a rigorous round of tests.

49. Vocabulary items (Part A) Preliminary Drawings:  The initial plans for projects prepared by the designer or architects and engineers firm during the early planning or promotinal stage of the building development.  They provide a means of communication between the designer and the user.

50. Vocabulary items (Part A) Preliminary Drawings:  These drawings are not used for construction, but they are used for exploring design concepts, material selection, preliminary cost estimates, approval by the customer, and they form a basis for the preparation of finished working drawings. E.g. Preliminary drawings are then turned into working drawings.

51. Comprehension Qs.  Read part A in the book and answer the following Qs. 1) What are the dwg types mentioned in the e-mail? Please define them in your own words. Ans: rough sketches & preliminary drawings Rough sketches are very simple pictures drawn quickly without much detail. On the other hand, preliminary dwgs (PDs) are the next step in which we develop skecthes into (PDs). PDs give us detailed information about the building, providing a basis for the preparation of working drawings.

52. Comprehension Qs.  Read part A in the book and answer the following Qs. Why do the ideas of the architect form an adventurous concept? Ans: Because the design brief was pretty open. In other words, the architect was able to reach a variety of ideas/solutions since the design brief gave him a large degree of freedom to do so.

53. Vocabulary items (Part B) Draft (n.):  a piece of a plan that is not yet in its finished form E.g. To finalize a design project, you have to go over your first draft again and again. E.g. The differences are beyond recognition between the rough/original and final drafts of the building.

54. Vocabulary items (Part B) Issue (v.):  give sth to sb, especially officially Syn: send out, distribute E.g. The sketches of the camera were issued to the team head. E.g. The preliminary drawings have been issued to the specialists in our team.

55. Vocabulary items (Part B) Circulate (v.):  send information to all people in a group Syn: send out, distribute E.g. The sketches of the camera were circulated to all members. E.g. The preliminary drawings have been circulated to all the team members.

56. Vocabulary items (Part B) Comment (on) (v.):  to express an opinion about sth E.g. After our specialists recevie the sketches, they will comment on them. E.g. The client did not comment on the drawings, so we thought she had liked them.

57. Vocabulary items (Part B) Amend (v.):  change sth slightly in order to correct a mistake or improve it Syn: revise E.g. Following the comments of the unit head, we are going to amend/revise some of the drawings. Amendment (n.) E.g. She has done some amendments to the rough sketches.

58. Vocabulary items (Part B) Supersede (v.):  take the place of sth that is no longer the best available Syn: replace E.g. At the end of a design development phase, all rough sketches are usually superseded by finished working drawings. E.g. After certain amendments, drawing 130A becomes drawing 130B. In other words, dwg 130A is superseded (by dwg 130B).

59. Vocabulary items (Part B) Refine (v.):  to improve sth by making small changes to it Syn: amend, revise E.g. The testers made some comments and critiques that helped us refine the design. E.g. To decide where to refine the design, you have to look at the overall drive system.

60. Vocabulary items (Part B) Sign off (phr. v.):  to give your formal approval to sth, by signing your name Syn: authorize E.g. Major repainting work needs to be signed off by a qualified engineer. E.g. After some amendments, senior engineers generally sign off/authorize drawings.

61. Vocabulary items (Part B) Work to sth (phr. v.):  to follow a plan/design E.g. After working drawings are finalized, the construction team can work to them. E.g. The fabrication team will work to the plan when we receive clarification about the current drawing.

62. Student A Look at the flow chart across the bottom of page 10 and describe the design development process in your own words to your partner. While talking about the chart, try to explain the new vocabulary items. PAIR-WORK Student B Look at the flow chart across the bottom of page 10 and while listening to your partner, try to ask further questions about the design development process and vocab items.

63. DESIGN BRIEF ROUGH SKETCHES PRELIMINARY DWGs Revision WORKING DWGs Revision TRY TO EXPLAIN THE FLOW CHART

64. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY WORKSHEET

65. DRAWINGS & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY GAME