1. RAD 354 Chapt 7 X-ray Production The primary purpose of an x-ray tube is to accelerate electrons across the tube and suddenly stop them in the target to produce electromagnetic x-ray photons – 99% of the electrical energy is dissipated as heat – mAs DIRECTLY affects the AMOUNT of photons produced – kVp makes the PRODUCTION of x-rays “slightly” more efficient

2. X-rays are made via two ways Brems

3. Characteristic

4. X-rays produced X-rays are emitted “isotropically” (in all directions) The x-ray beam is “Polychromatic” (many energies MAX energy is produced by min wavelength – Duane-Hunt Law 12.4/kVp = min. wavelength

5. kVp effects kVp increase is equal to the “square of the factor by which kVp is raised” kVp increases – Results in increased energies at ALL levels – The GREATER the increase, the GREATER the energies – Increases “skew” the x-ray emission spectrum to the RIGHT

6. Filtration Inherent -.5mm al equiv. (will increase over time as tungsten “boils off and coats” the window Added – 2.0 al added for the 70-80 kVp level Total filtration is the SUM of inherent and added – INCREASES the average “hardness” of the beam – Does NOT INCREASE any photon’s energy, only raises the AVERAGE hardness

7. Target thoughts Increasing the atomic # of the rarget (anode) will INCREASE the production of x-rays INCREASE in mAs = INCREASE in numbers of PHOTONS INCREASE in kVp = INCREASE in QUALITY and slight increase in production efficiency of x- rays

8. Wave forms Half wave Full wave 3 phase – 6 pulse – 12 pulse High frequency generators