1. Flight Department 1 A Research and a Result Barcelona October 2003 Capt. Cor Blokzijl, Aero Lloyd 10 th Airbus Flight Safety Conference

2. Flight Department 2 E S S A I

3. Flight Department 3 ESSAI research,......WHY? Enhanced Safety through Situation Awareness Integration in training. 80 % of all incidents & accidents have Human Factor as contributing factor 88% of these are due to Situation Awareness or loss of SA We should do something about this !

4. Flight Department 4 An European research : Investigate the role of SA & Crisis Management How to deal with growing complexity of highly integrated systems Offer potential training solutions for: 1.Maintaining & recovering SA 2.Perform Threat Management (TM)

5. Flight Department 5 Research constrain : Human factors produce psychological terminology for phenomena, but......... These notions are supposed to speak for themselves, but.... nobody dares to ask the actual meaning. These notions are far to general, without specification. Therefore the result of the research must be in „PILOT Language“. Only then the user knows what it means! Training has to fit into existing training and not increase cost nor operational time

6. Flight Department 6 Research : Training Analysis Methods : Activity-based methods were used during the Training Needs Analysis Extraction of training objectives identified in literature Pilots workshops:1. Generate behaviour strategy for SA management 2. Design specific trng needs Pilots interviews Questionnaire survey

7. Flight Department 7 Research cont....... Result of the Training Need Analysis: Situation Awareness mind-map Threat Management mind-map Competency structure

8. Flight Department 8 Competency Structure : Situation Awareness Information gathering/Monitoring check environment for contradictory facts double x-check as much as possible interrogate stay in the loop Interpretation integration of information into a mental picture, subliminal understanding, 6th sense Self awareness clues/signals for LSA self-critique watching one‘s own behaviour Communication crew communication sharing experience identifying other Crew-Members’ LSA accept errors and communicate them Workload management setting priorities regarding situation & control Planning/Anticipation defining objectives for each phase not too focused on one goal physical health maintenance

9. Flight Department 9 Next step Constructing the definition of the ESSAI training solution Design of the training Construct a common aviation language between scientist and pilots

10. Flight Department 10 ESSAI Training :

11. Flight Department 11 The perception of the elements within a volume of time and space, the understanding of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future” „Endsley 1988“ S A definition :

12. Flight Department 12 Situation Awareness :

13. Flight Department 13 Threat Management :

14. Flight Department 14 Reviewing Tool :

15. Flight Department 15 Experimental validation : Exp’tl Group ESSAI training Benchmark Scenario Assessment Scenario LOFT training Benchmark Scenario Assessment Scenario Control Group

16. Flight Department 16 Attitudes about SA and TM Ideal Real Factors Affecting Situation Awareness (FASA)

17. Flight Department 17 Behaviour marker systems: Behaviour and Skills Related to SA/TM

18. Flight Department 18 Attitudes towards SA / TM ESSAI had a significant impact on the development of SA-related attitudes. After the training EG put increasing emphasis on such factors as Information Management, Automaticity, and Interpersonal Dynamic Behaviour Observation ESSAI substantially enhances SA but only slightly affects TM Majority of EG crews moved from the level of Understanding to Projection in the AS Especially the briefing quality improved and management of distractions became more effective Conclusions from the Data Analysis

19. Flight Department 19 Aero Lloyd ESSAI Training : During recurrent training from 010103 till 270703 215 pilots received ESSAI training. ESSAI training consisted of : 3 hours ESSAI training 2 hours ESSAI simulator scenario 45 minutes auto confrontation

20. Flight Department 20 Participating pilots experience : ExperienceTotal TimeA320 Captains131203219 F/O‘s 52872044 Captains : all were converted from conventional aircraft by AEF F/O‘s: 79% were converted from conventional aircraft 21% came from smaller aircraft to AEF

21. Flight Department 21 ESSAI Material value :

22. Flight Department 22 Video & auto confrontation :

23. Flight Department 23 Further results : The training was relevant to my job and flight safety: 99% of the pilots indicated YES The training is useful, all pilots should have a chance to receive ESSAI training: Only 1 Captain indicated NO Would you like additional ESSAI training: 89% of all pilots indicated YES 53% requested at least a second simulator session 88% find regular recurrent or follow-up training necessary

24. Flight Department 24 Recommendations from the Research To implement ESSAI training package in existing training To follow-up ESSAI training within a time frame To create a „Train the Trainer“ package ( Aero Lloyd has created this to enable own ESSAI Training ) To „spread“ the training to all interested airlines

25. Flight Department 25 A training tool to improve Flight Safety by enhancing S.A. and improving threat threat management in any cockpit. Quote : „During my 16 years as an Aero Lloyd pilot, no training has surpsrised me in such a positive way as the ESSAI training. A fantastic concept!“ Unquote What is ESSAI training ?

26. Flight Department 26 Michiel A-321 Thank you for your attention !

27. Flight Department 27 ESSAI Consortium : www. ESSAI.net