1. Time Use Patterns by Immigration Status in Canada Mobinul Huq Department of Economics University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 CANADA Ph: (306) 966-5204 Email: m.huq@usask.cam.huq@usask.ca

2. Immigration issues: Projected labour shortage and immigration as a solution. Assimilation of immigrant population in the host country. Current economic research focus In terms of labour market outcomes. Earnings, labour supply, employment/unemployment, market valuation of foreign degree and experience. Non-market activities?

3. Literature on time use pattern: Comparisons by demographic characteristics (Marshall 2006, Apps and Rees 2005, Stobert et al. 2005) Gender, Age group,.. Change over time (Fisher et al. 2007) Cross country comparison (Anxo et al. 2007) Canadian born versus foreign born/immigrants ?

4. Data Source Statistics Canada Time Use survey, 2005 (General Social Survey Cycle 19) Data Selection Age 25 to 54 Omitted: Non-permanent residents, missing information on marital status, education, urban/rural. 4 groups by gender and place of birth (Canadian born/foreign). Number of Observations (N) MaleFemale Canadian-born39045869 Immigrant796952

5. Daily Time use 10 one-digit activities: 96 two-digit activities: 186 three-digit activities: One-digit activities: 0 Employed work 1 Domestic Work 2 Care Giving 3 Shopping & Services 4 Personal Care 5 School and Education 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 7 Entertainment (Attending) 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 9 Media and Communication

6. 1.Domestic work (Variable name DVDOM) includes: 10. Meal preparation 101. Meal preparation 102. Baking, Preserving Food, Home Brewing Etc. 11. Meal cleanup 12. Indoor cleaning 13. Outdoor cleaning 14. Laundry 15. Mending 151. 152. 16. Home Repairs, Maintenance …… (161 to 164) 17. Gardening, Pet Care …… (171 to 173) 18. Other Housework …… (181 to 186) 19. Travel for household work

7. Time use pattern by immigration status Average time spent by different activities: For example: Average hours of market work by Canadian born (C i ) versus immigrants (I i ) Participation rate by activities: Average time spent by participants:

8. Dissimilarity indices compared by Stewart (2006) Weighted Szalai Index : Absolute Deviation Index: Weighted Absolute Deviation Index: Szalai Index: One of the issues with unweighted indices: Sensitivity to short duration activities. Interpretation: Szalai indices have no obvious interpretation: AD: average proportional difference. WAD: The percentage of time that must be reallocated for equality.

9. Stewart (2006) conclusion: “Given its robustness and its natural interpretation, the weighted absolute-deviation index, T WAD, clearly dominates other indexes considered.” Weighted Absolute Deviation Index: WAD: The proportion of time that must be reallocated for equality. Sum of Absolute Deviation Halved (SADH): SADH: the amount of time that must be reallocated for equality. SADH= WAD*1440 SADH = 15 minutes equivalent to WAD=.01

10. Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation: (2x2 Example) SADH: WAD One-digit: 4 hours/day 0.17 Two-digit 7 hours/day0.29 Hypothetical example (one digit) AB 1. Work1216 2. Non-work128 SADH (WAD) 4 (0.17) Hypothetical example (two digit) AB 11. Market work612 12. Non-market work64 21. Non-work awake61 22. Sleep67 SADH (WAD) 7 (0.29)

11. Required Reallocation Between one digit activities: 4 Hypothetical example (one digit) AB 1. Work12 16- 4=12 2. Non-work12 8+4= 12 SADH0 Hypothetical example (two digit) AB 11. Market work612-4=8 12. Non-market work64 21. Non-work awake61+4=5 22. Sleep67 SADH3 Additional level two reallocation requirement: 3 Within one-digit activity 1: 2 Within activity 2: 1 hour. Hypothetical example (two digit) AB 11. Market work68-2=6 12. Non-market work64+2=6 21. Non-work awake65+1=6 22. Sleep67-1=6 SADH0

12. Base SADH (1-digit): 4 hours/day (between 1-digit activities) 2-digit Marginal SADH: 3 hours/day (between 2-digit activities, within 1-digit activities) Decomposition of Marginal SADH; Within Activity 1: 2 hours/day Activity 2: 1 hour/day

13. 0 Employed work 1 Domestic Work 2 Care Giving 3 Shopping & Services 4 Personal Care 5 School and Education 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 7 Entertainment (Attending) 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 9 Media and Communication Time spend on four broad categories (minutes per person per day). All individuals, including non-participants (zeros) Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadia n- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Canadia n- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Average minutes Per Day (Population) Market work (0) 3693861725827518 Non-market Work (1,2,3,5) 183185229731417 Personal Care (4) 6006099625622-4 Discretionary time (6 to 9) 286258-28260227-32 SADH Min/day (WAD) 28 (0.019) 36 (0.025)

14. Time spend on one-digit activities (minutes per person per day) All individuals, including non-participants (zeros). Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadian- Born Immig rant Gap (I-C) Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) Average minutes Per Day (Population) 0 Employed work 3693861725827518 1 Domestic Work 9770-26152146-6 2 Care Giving 2732556659 3 Shopping & Services 334185452 4 Personal Care 6006099625622-4 5 School and Education 82618132311 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 1916-322275 7 Entertainment (Attending) 7563-128061-20 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 6554-1049511 9 Media and Communication 146141-6130116-14 SADH Min/day (WAD) 58 (0.04) 43 (0.03)

15. Top Four ‘Absolute gap’ activity Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadian - Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) Average minutes Per Day (Population) Employed work 3693861725827518 School and Education 82618132311 Domestic Work 9770-26 Entertainment (Attending) 7563-128061-20 Media and Communication 130116-14

16. Gap within one-digit activities: Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadian- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Canadian- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Average minutes Per Day (Population) 0 Employed work 09 Travel: To and from work 3037721265 1 Domestic work 11 Meal preparation 23264415413 16 Home Repairs, Maintenance 228-1494-6 7 Entertainment 75 Visits, Entertaining Friends/relatives 5044-65744-13 9 Media: 91 Television, Rented Movies 122111-1110086-14

17. Participation rate by ten one-digit activities Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) ) 0 Employed work 63%67%3%51%53%2% 1 Domestic Work 72%66%-5%89%87%-2% 2 Care Giving 25%27%2%38%41%2% 3 Shopping & Services 31%33%1%46%42%-3% 4 Personal Care 100% 0%100% 0% 5 School and Education 3%7%4%5%8%3% 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 11% 0%15%16%1% 7 Entertainment (Attending) 40%32%-8%46%39%-8% 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 42% 1%41%38%-3% 9 Media and Communication 82%83%1%81%79%-2%

18. Top two activities by Participation rate gap Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) Canadia n- Born Immigra nt Gap (I-C) School and Education 3%7%4%5%8%3% Entertainment (Attending) 40%32%-8%46%39%-8%

19. Time spend on one-digit activities (per participant per day) Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Canadian- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Canadian- BornImmigrant Gap (I-C) Average minutes Per Day per participant 0 Employed work 583580-350852113 1 Domestic Work 135106-28170168-3 2 Care Giving 1081201214716013 3 Shopping & Services 105125201171246 4 Personal Care 6016098626622-4 5 School and Education 2553519623227846 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 169139-3014917122 7 Entertainment (Attending) 1891967173156-16 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 155129-2611913213 9 Media and Communication 178169-9161147-14

20. Deviation Men (Canadian born – Immigrant), Minutes per day. All individuals, including non-participants (zeros). Men 25 to 54 AllUrban University degree Age 40 to 54 Average minutes Per Day (Population) 0 Employed work 1721823 1 Domestic Work -26-25-16-30 2 Care Giving 53611 3 Shopping & Services 8711 4 Personal Care 9111310 5 School and Education 1819225 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities -31-2 7 Entertainment (Attending) -12-15-13-15 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) -10-13-12-9 9 Media and Communication -6-61-9-4 SADH Min/day (WAD) 58 (0.04) 60 (0.04) 51 (0.035) 60 (0.04)

21. Deviation for Women (Canadian born – Immigrant), Minutes per day. All individuals, including non-participants (zeros). Women 25 to 54 AllUrban University degree Age 40 to 54 Average minutes Per Day (Population) 0 Employed work 18112620 1 Domestic Work -60-5-9 2 Care Giving 98713 3 Shopping & Services -44 4 Personal Care -4 -6 5 School and Education 11 181 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities 55-34 7 Entertainment (Attending) -20-17-35-15 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 1290 9 Media and Communication -14-16-14-12 SADH Min/day (WAD) 45 (0.03) 38 (0.036) 61 (0.042) 42 (0.03)

22. Gender Gap (Male – Female) AGE 25 to 54Age 25 to 54 CanImmi Can urban Imm urbanCan uni Imm Uni Gap in Average minutes Per Day (Population) 0 Employed work 111 981099880 1 Domestic Work -55-75-51-75-46-57 2 Care Giving -29-33-29-34-32-33 3 Shopping & Services -21-12-20-12-17-13 4 Personal Care -25-13-26-11-16-2 5 School and Education -53 3-7-3 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities -3-11-5-10-6-2 7 Entertainment (Attending) -531-1112 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating) 154193233 9 Media and Communication 162417281318 SADH Min/day (WAD) 142 (.099) 145 (.01) 134 (.09) 144 (.01) 134 (.09) 113 (.078)

23. Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation: Male (Canadian Born – Immigrant) SADH: WAD One-digit: 58 min/day 0.04 Two-digit 85 min/day0.06 Three-digit101 min/day0.07 Required time reallocation: To achieve equality at one-digit level: i) 58 minutes between one-digit activities To achieve equality at two-digit level: i) 58 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 27 minutes between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity. To achieve equality at three-digit level: ii) 58 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 27 between two-digit activities within same one- digit activity plus another iii) 16 minutes between three-digit activities within same two-digit activity.

24. Dissimilarity by level of disaggregation: Female (Canadian Born– Immigrant) SADH: WAD One-digit: 43 min/day 0.03 Two-digit 73 min/day0.05 Three-digit 85 min/day0.06 Required time reallocation: To achieve equality at one-digit level: i) 43 minutes between one-digit activities To achieve equality at two-digit level: i) 43 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 30 minutes between two-digit activities within same one-digit activity. To achieve equality at three-digit level: ii) 43 minutes between one-digit activities plus another ii) 30 between two-digit activities within same one- digit activity plus another iii) 13 minutes between three-digit activities within same two-digit activity.

25. Male Female 1-Digit5843 2-Digit 58+27=8543+30=73 3-Digit 85+16=101 73+13=85 Men 25 to 54Women 25 to 54 Between 2-Digit Between 3-Digit Between 2-Digit Between 3-Digit Average minutes Per Day per participant Total27163013 0 Employed work0.003.84 0.00.4 1 Domestic Work3.550.62 13.50.9 2 Care Giving1.190.50 1.00.7 3 Shopping & Services1.860.44 1.70.8 4 Personal Care5.420.22 7.01.2 5 School and Education0.00 1.10.0 6 Organizational, Voluntary and Religious activities2.641.89 1.62.3 7 Entertainment (Attending)1.961.13 0.3 8 Sports and Hobbies (participating)5.016.98 2.66.3 9 Media and Communication5.630.74 1.00.3

26. Conclusions: On time use pattern by immigration status: Most gap in education. Within Household work: Home maintenance, outdoor work. Entertainment. Media: Gender gap among Canadian born and immigrant groups are remarkably similar. On measures of dissimilarity: Sum of absolute deviation halved (SADH) can be reported. At the lowest level of disaggregation: the base SADH measure Then at a higher level of aggregation: the marginal SADH, and its decomposed by a lower level of coding.