1. German Agency for Technical Co-Operation (gtz)
gtz supported ecosan projects in India Implemented by the Innovative Ecological Sanitation Network India (IESNI)
Christine Werner, Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb, Hinnerk Bartels, Dayanand Panse
German Agency for Technical Co-Operation (gtz)
ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

2. India, sanitation situation today the ecosan approach
content
India, sanitation situation today
the ecosan approach
Innovative ecological sanitaion network India - IESNI
ecosan service foundation - esf
gtz supported ecosan projects in India
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

3. current sanitation situation in India
introduction to ecosan
current sanitation situation in India
freshwater - increasing scarcity and degrading quality
almost 40 % of the urban population and 65% of the rural population (in all over 650 millions of people) has no access to safe sanitation
over 60 % of the wastewater is discharged untreated into waterbodies or infiltrates into groundwater
diarrhoea is the biggest childhood killer in India. Nearly 1/3 of all diarrhoeal diseases occur in India, whilst the population represents only 1/6 of the global population
to reach the MDG´s approximately 82,000 people need to be provided with sanitation facilities every day
(source: MSPCB)
open defecation, normality for millions in india
(source: MSPCB)
open drain of blackwater,
city of Pandapur, India
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

4. eco-sanitation concepts and strategies
introduction to ecosan
eco-sanitation concepts and strategies
eco-sanitation…
… is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal
…considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources
… applies the basic natural principle of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies
… opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered.
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

5. ecological sanitation - a new approach
introduction to ecosan
ecological sanitation - a new approach
improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle
promotion of safe recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy
preservation of soil fertility and improvment of agricultural productivity
conservation of resources
preference for modular, decentralised systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions
promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach
material flow cycle instead of disposal
® gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

6. between sanitation and agriculture
Introduction to ecosan
principles of ecosan
closing the loop
between sanitation and agriculture
FOOD
NUTRIENTS
Pathogen destruction
gtz, 2006
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

7. overview of ecosan technology-components
ecosan technologies
overview of ecosan technology-components
® gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

8. urine diversion toilets
ecosan technologies
urine diversion toilets
with respect to local habits and costs, different toilets are in use:
source: gtz
urine diversion toilet (pedestal toilet) urinal
source: gtz
source: gtz
source: gtz
source: gtz
urine-diversion squatting pan
three-hole squatting pan
urin-diversion squatting pan,
China
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

9. urine storage ecosan technologies
various containers for urine storage:
Gebers, Sweden
Lambertsmühle, Germany
source:gtz
source:gtz
source:gtz
source:gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

10. examples of dehydrating toilets
ecosan technologies
examples of dehydrating toilets
source:gtz
source:gtz
source:gtz
school toilet facility, China
two chamber systems
rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Mali
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

11. vermicomposting ecosan technologies example in South-Africa:
source:gtz
source:gtz
source:gtz
source:gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

12. co-composting and dehydration of feaces
ecosan technologies
co-composting and dehydration of feaces
feaces can either be dried or be co-composted with organic waste like kitchen-waste or crop-residues
source:gtz
source:gtz
compost from feacal matter
dried feacal matter
• increases water holding capacity
• fertilises
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

13. source: Comax International Ltd.
ecosan technologies
constructed wetlands
treatment of wastewater or greywater
effective in the removal of BOD, TSS and pathogens
effluent can be reused
aesthetically appealing
source: Cemagref
vertical flow
source: Comax International Ltd.
Niels De Pauw
horizontal flow
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

14. sludge humification in grass beds
ecosan technologies
sludge humification in grass beds
Drying
WWTP
Excavation
WWTP
(source: IPP Consult, Holger Pabsch, 2005)
Re-Commissioning
WWTP
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

15. anaerobic treatment with biogas production
ecosan technologies
anaerobic treatment with biogas production
small-scale biogas plants:
decentralized treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

16. vacuum systems ecosan technologies elements:
vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station
advantages:
water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic)
manufacturer:
e.g. Roediger GmbH
source:gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

17. vacuum systems ecosan technologies
source:gtz
Gabarone, Botswana: decentralized vacuum system (Roediger GmbH)
source:gtz
source:gtz
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

18. Innovative Ecological Sanitation Network India (IESNI)
objectives
supporting the development of:
innovative ecological sanitation systems (closed loop systems) for India (for rural and urban applications)
the institutional and economical framework for implementation of innovative ecological sanitation systems in India
the acceptance of reusing recycled nutrients in agricultural applications
implementing and evaluating pilot projects in India.
providing capacity building, knowledge dissemination, experience sharing and implementation support
Logos der Partner
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

19. ecosan services foundation
ecosan capacity
building
Start up 2006
ecosan projects
ecosan consulting
objectives:
to provide ecological sanitation services to…
urban local bodies
state governments
NGO’S
consumers/private individuals
developers/ companies
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

20. excursions / site visits
esf
esf training courses
first esf ecosan course will
begin in March 2007
1. week
basics
lectures
source: gtz
excursions / site visits
2. week
technolgies
case studies
What is “agricultural reuse” in ecosan?
In ecosan approaches, the basic principle is to ensure a closure of the nutrient loop between sanitation and agriculture, thus ideally enabling an almost complete recuperation of the nutrients, organic material and water that are normally discarded by conventional sanitation systems. This therefore contributes to safeguarding soil fertility and improve its structure and water retention capacity, while decreasing the consumption of finite resources by providing a natural alternative to chemical fertilisers.
In ecosan, the term “agricultural reuse” refers to a wide range of productive, ecosystem oriented, reuse options. This includes reuse in what could be considered as traditional agriculture, i.e. on farmers fields where crops such as cereals are grown, but also forestry, aquaculture, market gardening, horticulture etc. It also includes the reuse not only of nutrients but also of grey water, the organic content of wastewater and energy (1).
3. week
individual
case studies
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

21. Shital Ceramics new Indian ecosan squatting pan by Shital Ceramics
esf
Shital Ceramics
new Indian ecosan squatting pan by Shital Ceramics
in Ahmedabad, Gujarat (India) for INR 600
source: esf
new two piece ceramic sqatting pan with washing bowl for anal cleansing produced by Shital Ceramics, march 2007
european style urine separation toilet for INR 900 will follow
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

22. experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
ecosan pilot projects
experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
type of project:
upgrading of public toilet centre and processing site
location:
Bangalore, Karnataka State, India
implementation period:
(source:
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

23. experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
ecosan pilot projects
experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
source: ACTS
source: ACTS
3-hole-system at ACTS Public Toilet Centre
barrels for the collection of urine and feces
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007

24. experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
ecosan pilot projects
experimental eco-friendly public toilet center, Bangalore
new logistics system for collection, transport and processing (contd.)
source: ACTS
source: ACTS
experimental suction unit; vacuum tank (left) and urine collection tank (right)
experimental suction unit mounted on lorry
IWA – Conference „Advanced Sanitation“; Aachen, Germany, 12th – 13th March 2007