2. 7
“Nothing you write, if you hope to be any good, will ever come out as you first hoped. ―Lillian Helman, 20th century American playwright
Writing as a Process

3. After completing the chapter, you will be able to:
Explain each step in the writing process, its proper sequence in the process, and how it is applied to develop written communication.
Describe the steps in the prewriting stage used to prepare to write a message.
Apply the steps in the writing stage as you create your message.
Use proofreading techniques to perfect the final draft and produce error-free business writing.
Publish the final message using appropriate formatting guidelines.

4. Writing Process
The writing process is a set of sequential stages for each writing task.
prewriting
writing
post writing
publishing

5. Writing Process Always use the four C’s of communication. clear
concise
courteous
correct

6. Writing Process Prewriting stage Writing stage
Tasks should be done in the order that works best for the writing assignment.
Think about the topic and purpose.
Plan the content.
Read or research as needed to gather information.
Writing stage
Create the draft.
Revise the draft.
Edit as many times as necessary.

7. Writing Process Post-writing stage Publishing stage
Complete the final edit of the work.
Ask someone to review and give feedback.
Revise for a final pass.
Proofread it to make sure the work is free from errors.
Publishing stage
The message is ready to publish or send to the reader.
Print on good-quality paper.
Prepare the message for electronic submission.

8. Prewriting Stage
Explore the topic to avoid writer’s block, which is a psychological condition that prevents a writer from proceeding with the writing process.
Complete the how of the prewriting stage
Gather information.
Research ideas.
Organize your thoughts.
Choose a medium (may be a note, chart, brochure, memo, letter, report, or other form).

9. Prewriting Stage
Use this checklist in the prewriting stage.

10. Prewriting Stage
Example of information created from the checklist.

11. Prewriting Stage Why you are writing pass on information
respond to questions and requests
make a request
direct others
persuade

12. Prewriting Stage Who your audience is
Primary readers are those directly involved in the purpose for writing.
Secondary readers are those who need to know the communication took place. These readers receive copies of the document and, typically, do not have to do anything other than read the information.

13. Prewriting Stage What you want the reader to think and do
Make sure the reader knows what is expected.
To get a response from the reader, be specific.
Clearly state actions you are requesting.
Use a polite, firm tone.
Apply the four C’s of communication.
Your writing style reflects you and your company.
Avoid typographical errors and poor grammar.
Avoid abbreviations common to text messaging.
In the final stage of the writing process, make sure usage, grammar, and spelling are correct.

14. Prewriting Stage Where you can find the needed information
topic dictates where you must look for source material
Sources include colleagues, reports, databases, Internet searches, newspapers, trade journals.
Check the facts to be sure the data are accurate.
Properly credit sources.
As soon as information is in tangible form, it is protected by copyright laws.
Using someone else’s information and calling it your own is called plagiarism, which is illegal and unethical.

15. Prewriting Stage When you need the document finished
Deadlines are important.
A late proposal, no matter how brilliant, is essentially worthless.
Use deadlines to help determine what you can accomplish.
Plan the extra time that good writing requires.
If you are not given a specific deadline, set one for yourself.

16. Prewriting Stage How the information should be organized
direct approach—the topic is followed by descriptive details
desirable for most written communication
organize and present in clear and logical way
begin with main idea and move on to support it
indirect approach—details come before the main idea of the paragraph
begin with information to prepare the reader to respond in the way you want them to respond
best approach for bad or negative messages

17. Prewriting Stage Developing an outline
An outline identifies the information you want to present and the proper sequence and to ensure related ideas are covered in the same section.
Select key points that will achieve the purpose.
Make a numbered list of the main points.
Under each key point, list supporting points.
Consider the approach and the order in which you want to present the information.

18. Prewriting Stage
Example of a formal outline

19. Writing Stage Creating the first draft
Resist the urge to revise as you write.
Plan to revise after the whole draft is completed.
Do not worry about organization.
Do not worry about format precision.
Maintain your train of thought and get all information down on “paper.”
Write without stopping so you can complete first draft.

20. Writing Stage
The writing checklist

21. Writing Stage
Revising means rewriting paragraphs and sentences to improve organization and content
Consider aspects that affect the whole piece: content, organization, and formatting.
Ask questions about the first draft—whole document, paragraph, sentence, and word—to identify ways to improve the message.

22. Writing Stage
Example of a document with track changes

23. How to Refine Your Writing
Once you have a first draft, ask these questions.
Did you use the correct approach? Direct for good news; indirect for bad news.
Is the message effective? Is the reader likely to respond in the desired manner?
Has all the necessary information been included?
Is the document oriented to the reader?
Does your document as a whole:
fully and clearly present the information and ideas;
address the specific audience being addressed;
use the style and tone most suitable for the situation; and
use the format most suitable for the situation?

24. How to Refine Your Writing
Once you have considered the document as a whole, consider each of the paragraphs.
Do paragraphs flow logically?
Does each paragraph have a clearly identified topic sentence?
Does the first paragraph:
tell the reader what the main points are going to be; and
focus on the reader’s point of view?
(continued)

25. How to Refine Your Writing
Does the concluding paragraph:
briefly reinforce the main point; and
leave the reader with a clear view of how to react or respond?
Does each of the middle paragraphs:
have a clear organizational structure so the reader can easily follow the ideas;
include only information that supports the main points;
include only information that causes the reader to respond in the desired way;
consider and respond to possible objections the reader might make to the main points; and
clearly relate to the paragraphs before and after it?

26. How to Refine Your Writing
Then, consider each sentence.
Do sentences flow logically?
Have you eliminated needless repetitions?
Does each sentence:
clearly and completely state its point;
support the main idea;
work with the sentence before and after it to form a smooth, easy-to-read paragraph;
contain strong nouns and verbs when possible instead of too many modifiers;
contain modifiers placed next to the words they modify;
express agreement between sentence parts, such as subjects and verbs; (continued)

27. How to Refine Your Writing
express ideas in parallel construction;
avoid unnecessary words and phrases; and
have a style and tone consistent with the rest of the document?
Then, consider the words.
Is each word the best choice, considering the:
reader’s knowledge of the topic;
situation’s level of formality;
level of specificity you are trying to achieve;
tone you are trying to achieve; and
emotional impact you are trying to make or trying to avoid?

28. Writing Stage Editing is a more-refined form of revising
focuses on sentence construction, wording, and clarity of ideas
wording of each head must be checked
sentences must be checked for correct grammar, mechanics, spelling, word usage
for word usage, variety, and clarity, use a dictionary and thesaurus
take a break from writing so you can review with a more objectivity—free of personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations

29. Writing Stage Feedback Have someone review the document.
Accept feedback as constructive; do not feel offended.

30. Post-Writing Stage
Proofreading is the process of checking the final copy for correct spelling, punctuation, and formatting and for typographical errors.
Proofread for content by slowly reading the copy.
Use the grammar/spelling checker, then proofread on the computer screen.
Print a copy and proofread it again; mark errors on the printout.
Read the copy aloud.
Enlist a coworker to be a proofreading partner.

31. Post-Writing Stage Be on the lookout for these types of mistakes:
incorrect word usage that changes the meaning of the sentence
errors in names, titles, addresses, dates, numbers, amounts of money, time
errors of transposition
errors in fact or logic
errors or problems in formatting
Standard proofreaders’ marks are universally used by writers and editors to note errors and changes.

32. Post-Writing Stage
Standard proofreaders’ marks

33. Publishing Stage
To publish means the message is sent or made available to the receiver.
Formatting is used for proper placement and style of the type on the page.
typeface (font)
font size
layout
Layout is the relationship of the text to white space.
Readability is a measure of whether or not the document is easy to read.