2. Alienation Feeling of separation or isolation. Can be caused by unequal access to social rewards or privileges. Eg., friends go to Europe, but you cannot afford to go. Marx – Assembly line (boring manual labour) and capitalism and private property alienated workers from what they created.

3. Alienation Quite often, alienated individual will withdraw from social activities. Will likely reject the dominant culture and beliefs in society. Do inventory now

4. Subculture A small group of people within a larger group who share a common system of values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and lifestyles that are different from those of the dominant culture. Two key elements: 1. deviance from the norm 2. prevalent among youth

5. Subculture Most are harmless: Vampire Extreme Sport Comic Books / Manga Hip Hop Grunge Cybergoth Punk Heavy Metal

6. Counterculture Counterculture – reject most prevalent values and most important norms of society and replace them with extreme views on violence, family, loyalty. Positive – eg., suffragettes, hippies and civil rights activists. Negative – eg., cults.