1. Psychology of Learning EXP4404 Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting Dr. Steve

2. Topics Covered  Stage Model of Memory  Semantic Models of Memory  Theories of Forgetting  Memory Disorders  Applications of Memory Research  Memory Strategies

3. Stage Model of Memory DecayDisplacementRetrieval Failure Rehearsal Atkinson & Shiffrin

4.  Sensory Memory Stage Model of Memory Sperling experiment demonstrates that...

5.  Short Term Memory  Encoding  Storage  Retrieval  Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect Stage Model of Memory

6.  Encoding and Remembering  Maintenance Rehearsal  Elaborative Rehearsal Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)  Shallow  Deep Von Restorff Effect Stage Model of Memory

7. Long Term Memory  Declarative Memory Semantic Memory Episodic Memory

8.  Nondeclarative Memory Procedural Memory Stage Model of Memory

9. Semantic Network Models  Hierarchical Networks RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972) Animal Has skin Can move around Eats Breaths BirdFish Has fins Can swim Has gills Has wings Can fly Has feathers Canary Can sing Is yellow Penguin Is black & white Can’t fly Shark Can bite Is dangerous Salmon Is pink Is edible Swims upstream

10.  Spreading Activation Strong semantic relationship are represented by... Demonstrated with priming effect experiments Semantic Network Models spoon fork knife toolssaw hands arms fingers toes hammer nails

11. Semantic Models  Category Clustering

12. Forgetting  Ebbinghaus Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)

13. Forgetting  Theories of Forgetting Decay Theory Interference  Proactive  Retroactive

14. Forgetting  Variables affecting interference: Meaningfulness of material Similarity of material Time between learning and recall

15. Memory Disorders  Amnesia May be caused by damage to the limbic system (specifically Hippocampus).  Case of HM –  Suffered from: Moderate retrograde amnesia Severe anterograde amnesia

16. Memory Disorders  Korsakoff’s Syndrome May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia Case of 59 yr old man

17. Memory Disorders  Alzheimer’s Disease

18. Applications: Foraging  Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival

19. Applications: Eyewitness Testimony  Loftus & Palmer Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed Study:

20. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity)  State-Dependent Learning

21. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Massed vs. Distributed Practice Fatigue Consolidation Differential Encoding Hypothesis

22. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Generation Effects  Overlearning

23. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Method of Loci First noted as technique by ancient Greeks

24. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Keyword Technique

25. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Other Mnemonics Musical staff Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions I before E, except after C 30 days has November, April, June, and September

26. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Pegword To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)  One is a bun – egg resting on a bun  Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple  Three is a tree – a butter tree  Four is a door – coke logo on a door  Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta  Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick  Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings  Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes  Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine  Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head

27. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Chunking

28. Memory Techniques and Strategies  Narrative Chaining Make a story with the following word list:  Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie  Amazing Feats of Memory Video