1. A Very Brief History of Western Art Prehistory to the Modern Day

2. Prehistory  Where and When: Europe (mostly modern day France, _________ and Germany) from about 30 000 BCE-2500 BCE  Important Characteristics:  Cave paintings and ________________  Twisted perspective  Limited range of ________________ (mostly earth tones obtained from mineral pigments)  ______________ subjects were animals like bison, aurochs & deer  Some sculptures, mostly of ________________ female figures  Most famous examples:  Caves of Lascaux, Altamira and Chauvet  Venus of Willendorf

3. Mesopotamian  Where and When: Ancient Near East (modern day _________) from about 3500 BCE-539 BCE  Important Characteristics:  Sculpture, often of worshippers, royal figures and _____________ figures  Huge reliefs, especially of ________________ scenes  Mosaics  Conservative, ______________________ style  Most famous examples:  Standard of _________  Victory Stele of Naram-Sin  Ishtar Gate from Babylon  Lamassu statues from the palace of Sargon II  Limestone ____________ from King Ashurnasirpal II’s palace at Nimrud

4. Egyptian  Where and When: Egypt from about 3100 BCE-30 BCE  Important Characteristics:  Focused on _____________ and the afterlife  Conservative, ________________ and distinctive style  Figures in _________________ with size indicating status  No ____________________; events depicted in sequence with necessary explanations in hieroglyphic captions  Optimistic  Most famous examples:  The Great Sphinx  The Pyramids  Bust of Nefertiti  The Book of the _______________

5. Greek and Hellenistic  Where and When: Greece and its surrounding territories from about 850 BCE-31BCE  Important Characteristics:  First realistic portrayal of human figures, often ________________  __________________ emphasized, focus on musculature  Naturalism and ___________________, balance and proportion  Emotional _________________ achieved through dynamic expressions, gestures & body positions  Most famous examples:  The Parthenon  The Death of Laocoön and his Sons  The Discus Thrower  Venus de Milo  ________________ of Samothrace

6. Roman  Where and When: Europe (modern day Italy, but also other areas ______________________ by Rome) from about 500 BCE-476 CE  Important Characteristics:  Heavily influenced by ______________ and Etruscan art  Emphasis on ________________, more practical and down-to-earth than Greeks  More focused on government than gods, including portraits & _________________________ of leaders & narrative relief carvings celebrating achievements of emperors  Mosaics and landscape & portrait painting decorated ____________ of wealthy  Most famous examples:  Trajan’s Column  Garden ____________ from the Villa di Livia  Pantheon

7. Medieval  Where and When: Europe from about 500-1400  Important Characteristics:  Straightforward ________________________ intended to teach Christian history & beliefs  ____________________ and full of mostly Christian symbols  A variety of art forms: reliefs, _____________________, illuminated manuscripts, tapestries, carved devotional objects, etc.  Most famous examples and artists:  The Book of ______________  Stained glass windows of cathedrals, like Chartres and Notre Dame  Bayeux ___________________  Giotto, Italy, 1270-1337

8. Renaissance  Where and When: Europe (especially __________ and Northern Europe) from about 1400-1550  Important Characteristics:  Rebirth of interest in ______________________ themes  Influenced by humanism, which emphasized reason and individual _______________________ over religious teachings  Use of realistic perspective and ______________  Realistic portrayal of __________, texture, the natural world, human figures & emotions  Most famous artists:  Jan van Eyck, Belgium, 1390-1441  Sandro Botticelli, Italy, 1445-1510  _______________________, Italy, 1452-1519  Michelangelo Buonarotti, 1475-1564

9. Mannerism  Where and When: Italy (mostly Florence, ____________ and Venice) from about 1525-1600  Important Characteristics:  Long, ______________________ out figures  Unusual or contorted poses/____________ expressions  ________________ colours and lighting and imaginary settings  ___________________ composition  Most famous artists:  Parmigianino, Italy, 1503-1540  Agnolo Bronzino, Italy, 1503-1572  Jacopo Tintoretto, Italy, 1518-1594  El Greco, __________________, 1541-1614

10. Baroque  Where and When: Europe and parts of ______________ from 1600-1750  Important Characteristics:  Provided Catholic _______________ during Counter-Reformation  ________________, contrasting colours  Dramatic subjects with plenty of activity and motion; authentic portrayal of ___________________ & psychological states  __________________-scale pieces  Protestant artists favoured ____________ people in real situations  Most famous artists:  Caravaggio, Italy, 157-1610  Peter Paul Rubens, Belgium, 1577-1640  Rembrandt van Rijn

11. Neoclassicism  Where and When: Europe from about 1750-1850  Important Characteristics:  Scenes from history & ___________, especially of Greece & Rome  Balanced & ________________ compositions  A central _____________________ figure  A _________________ message: artists believed the power of reason would improve the world  Most famous artists:  Jacques-Louis David, France, 1748-1825  Antonio Canova, Italy, 1757-1822  Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, France, 1780-1867  John Flaxman, England, 1755-1826

12. Romanticism  Where and When: Europe & ______________ from about 1780-1850  Important Characteristics:  Emphasis on intuition, instinct and ____________________  Emotional, ___________________, spiritual  Landscapes, scenes depicting the power/grandeur of ____________  Scenes of _______________/supernatural  Most famous artists:  __________________, Great Britain, 1757-1827  Théodore Géricault, France, 1791-1824  Francisco de Goya, Spain, 1746-1828  Caspar David Friedrich, Germany, 1774-1840

13. Realism  Where and When: Europe (mostly France) from 1848-1900  Important Characteristics:  Ordinary people doing everyday _________________  Not idealized; often shows _________ or distasteful subject matter  Influenced by _________________________  ________________ of existing social and working conditions  Most famous artists:  Gustave Courbet, France, 1819-1877  Jean-François Millet, France, 1814-1875  Honoré Daumier, France, 1808-1879  Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, France, 1796-1875

14. Impressionism  Where and When: Europe (especially France) and America from 1865-1900  Important Characteristics:  Scenes from nature and ________________, spontaneous poses  Unusual points of view  Wanted to capture a quick impression of a scene:  Used __________________ brush strokes  Painted _________________ to capture changing effects of light  Mixed colours on the _________________  Most famous artists:  Mary Cassatt, United States, 1844-1926  Claude Monet, France, 1841-1895  Pierre-Auguste Renoir, France, 1841-1919  Edgar Degas, France, 1834-1917

15. Neo- & Post-Impressionism  Where and When: Europe and North America1880-1910  Important Characteristics:  Personal, emotional and ____________________ in nature  Bright, ____________________ colours and light  Geometric shapes, _________________ forms  Pointillism (use of small ___________ of pure colour)  Most famous artists:  Georges Seurat, France, 1859-1891  Vincent van Gogh, _____________ and France, 1853-1890  Paul Gaugin, France and Polynesia, 1848-1903  Paul Cézanne, France, 1839-1906

16. Cubism  Where and When: Europe (mostly France and _______________) from 1907-1917  Important Characteristics:  Subjects broken up into simple ____________________ shapes  _______________, few realistic details  Shallow ___________________  All ________________ seen at once (multiple viewpoints)  Muted colours (__________________, greys, blacks)  Most famous artists:  Pablo Picasso, Spain, 1881-1973  George Braque, France, 1882-1963  Juan Gris, Spain, 1887-1927  Fernand Léger, France, 1881-1955

17. Early Abstract Art  Where and When: Europe and America from 1909-1932  Important Characteristics:  No recognizable forms from the ____________________  Based on geometric figures or free ______________ and lyrical  Patterns, colours and shapes & how they _________ to each other  Open to interpretation, like ______________  Most famous artists:  Wassily Kandinsky, Eastern Europe, 1866-1944  Constantin Brancusi, Romania & France, 1876-1957  Piet Mondrian, Europe and New York, 1872-1944

18. Surrealism  Where and When: Europe and United States from about 1915-1945  Important Characteristics:  Expression of unconscious, __________________ inspirations  Elements of ___________, free association, uncensored thought  Dreamlike  “Impossible” scenes with _____________ that don’t fit together  Semi-automatic techniques  Most famous artists:  Salvador Dali, Spain, 1904-1989  Max Ernst, _______________, 1891-1976  René Magritte, Belgium, 1898-1967

19. Abstract Expressionism  Where and When: America (mostly _______________) and Europe, late 1940s-late 1950s  Important Characteristics:  ________________ canvases  Abstract  Full of _____________________  Spontaneous  Emphasis on the __________________________ of painting  Most famous artists:  Willem de Kooning, Netherlands, 1904-1997  Jackson Pollock, United States, 1912-1956  Mark Rothko, United States, 1903-1970

20. Pop Art  Where and When: Britain and United States from mid- 1950s to late __________________  Important Characteristics:  ___________________ distinction between “high” and “low” art  Disliked the __________________________ of abstract art  Bold, stylized imagery with ______________ lines and flat colours  Everyday & pop culture images (e.g. ________________, product labels) used as art  Irony and ___________________  Most famous artists:  Jasper Johns, United States, 1930-  Roy Lichtenstein, United States, 1923-1997  Andy Warhol, United States, 1928-1987

21. Minimalism  Where and When: America and Europe in the 1960s & 1970s  Important Characteristics:  Neither painting nor ________________________  Great ________________________  Materials not ______________________ for art  Basic shapes  Black and white, colour _________  Little evidence of the “artist’s hand”  Most famous artists:  Eva Hesse, America, 1936-1970  Dan Flavin, America, 1933-1996  Agnes Martin, American, 1911-2004