1. Jews in Interwar Hungary

3. Hungary 1867 – autonomy Trianon Treaty – lost 70% of its territory 60% of its population Nation-state Social revolution – 1) Karolyi – 2) Bela Kun

4. Historical Context Acculturation, assimilation : „Hungarians of Mosaic faith“ Jews supported by NOBILITY – Medium of – magyrization – - economic modernization Westjuden – esp. Budapest Magyrization of Jewish names

5. Historical context 1868 – Neology – Orthodoxy – „Status quo“ Jews as a RELIGIOUS GROUP

6. Historical Context Jews= industrial and business bourgeoisie – their children intellectuals and scientists (orientation towards the left) „Judapest“ conversions

7. The End of Old Order Jews present in Karolyi´s and Bela Kun´s government counterrevolution – Romanian military intervention Horthy – white terror, 1919-21 – pogroms

8. Demography, Status, Culture Budapest – 23% of the city population – 45% of Hungarian Jews 65% neologs Middle class: trade, industry, liberal professions

9. The New Hungary 1932 Gömbös Before Gömbös – Numerus clausus in the universities – JEWS AS NATIONALITY

10. Jewish Politics Neolog x orthodox Zionism only after Nov. 1938 Rich neolog leadership from Budapest - politics of Hungarian nationalism

11. Hungarian- Jewish Relation in the 1930´s Radical right Hungarian Germans Nazi influenced army 1932 – Gyula GÖMBÖS PRIME MINISTER – Alliance with Hitler – hoped in revision of Trianon

12. 1930´s 1935 - Arrow Cross Party – extreme right 1938 – 1st Viennesa Award (after Munich agreement) – May – 1st Jewish law – Late – 2nd Jewish law  Emigration  New conversions  Zionist youth

13. The War Years 1944 Horthy to Hitler: „I prefer to solve the Jewish question without having a recourse to brutal and inhumane methods.“ 1942 Horthy appoints Miklos KALLAY as Prime Minister March 1944 – German ocupation – May 5- June 7: 300 000 Jews sent to death camps – Oct: Arrow Cross Party in control  pogroms, death marches