1. The Nature of Covalent Bonding
9.1
The colors in this map indicate the concentrations of ozone in various parts of Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen atoms can join in pairs to form the oxygen you breathe and can also join in groups of three oxygen atoms to form ozone.

2. The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
8.2
The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
What is the result of electron sharing in covalent bonds?

3. The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
8.2
The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
In covalent bonds, electron sharing usually occurs so that atoms attain the electron configurations of noble gases.

4. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
Single Covalent Bonds
How do electron dot structures represent shared electrons?

5. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
Two atoms held together by sharing a pair of electrons are joined by a single covalent bond.

6. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
An electron dot structure such as H:H represents the shared pair of electrons of the covalent bond by two dots.

7. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
The halogens form single covalent bonds in their diatomic molecules. Fluorine is one example.

8. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
A pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms is called an unshared pair, also known as a lone pair or a nonbonding pair.

9. 8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms attain noble- gas configurations by sharing electrons.

10. The ammonia molecule has one unshared pair of electrons.
8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
The ammonia molecule has one unshared pair of electrons.

11. Methane has no unshared pairs of electrons.
8.2
Single Covalent Bonds
Methane has no unshared pairs of electrons.

12. 8.1
Section Assessment

13. Section Assessment

14. 8.1
Section Assessment

15. for Conceptual Problem 8.1
Section Assessment
Problem Solving 8.8 Solve Problem 8 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

16. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
How do atoms form double or triple covalent bonds?

17. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
Atoms form double or triple covalent bonds if they can attain a noble gas structure by sharing two pairs or three pairs of electrons.

18. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
A bond that involves two shared pairs of electrons is a double covalent bond.
A bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons is a triple covalent bond.

19. Simulation 6 Simulate the covalent bonding between molecules
Covalent Bonds
Simulation 6 Simulate the covalent bonding between molecules

20. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
Each nitrogen atom has one unshared pair of electrons.
Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components of Earth’s atmosphere. The oxygen molecule is an exception to the octet rule. It has two unpaired electrons. Three pairs of electrons are shared in a nitrogen molecule.

21. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds

22. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
Carbon dioxide gas is soluble in water and is used to carbonate many beverages. A carbon dioxide molecule has two carbon-oxygen double bonds.
Carbon dioxide gas is soluble in water and is used to carbonate many beverages. A carbon dioxide molecule has two carbon–oxygen double bonds.

23. Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
8.2
Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
Carbon dioxide is an example of a triatomic molecule.
Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components of Earth’s atmosphere. The oxygen molecule is an exception to the octet rule. It has two unpaired electrons. Three pairs of electrons are shared in a nitrogen molecule.

24. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
How are coordinate covalent bonds different from other covalent bonds?

25. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
In carbon monoxide, oxygen has a stable configuration but the carbon does not.

26. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
As shown below, the dilemma is solved if the oxygen donates one of its unshared pairs of electrons for bonding.

27. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
In a coordinate covalent bond, the shared electron pair comes from one of the bonding atoms.

28. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
A polyatomic ion, such as NH4+, is a tightly bound group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and behaves as a unit.
Most plants need nitrogen that is already combined in a compound to grow.
The polyatomic ammonium ion (NH4), present in ammonium sulfate, is an important component of fertilizer for field crops, home gardens, and potted plants.

29. Coordinate Covalent Bonds
8.2
Coordinate Covalent Bonds

30. 8.2
Section Assessment

31. 8.2
Section Assessment

32. 8.2
Section Assessment

33. for Conceptual Problem 8.2
Section Assessment
Problem-Solving 8.10 Solve Problem 10 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

34. Molecules and Molecular Compounds
8.1
Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Molecules and Molecular Compounds
How are the melting points and boiling points of molecular compounds different from those of ionic compounds?

35. Molecules and Molecular Changes
8.1
Molecules and Molecular Changes
Molecular compounds tend to have relatively lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.

36. 8.1
Molecular Formulas
Molecular Formulas
What information does a molecular formula provide?

37. A molecular formula is the chemical formula of a molecular compound.
8.1
Molecular Formulas
A molecular formula is the chemical formula of a molecular compound.
A molecular formula shows how many atoms of each element a molecule contains.

38. 8.1 Formulas of Some Molecular Compounds Molecular Formulas
The formula of a molecular compound indicates the numbers and kinds of atoms. The arrangement of the atoms within a molecule is called its molecular structure. Using Models Which of these molecules has the greatest number of oxygen atoms?

39. 8.2 Section Quiz.
8.2.

40. 8.2 Section Quiz.
1. In covalent bonding, atoms attain the configuration of noble gases by
losing electrons.
gaining electrons.
transferring electrons.
sharing electrons.

41. 8.2 Section Quiz
2. Electron dot diagrams are superior to molecular formulas in that they
show which electrons are shared.
indicate the number of each kind of atom in the molecule.
show the arrangement of atoms in the molecule.
are easier to write or draw.

42. 8.2 Section Quiz
3. Which of the following molecules would contain a bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons?
Se2
As2
Br2
Te2

43. END OF SHOW