1.  Navigation From Ancient to Modern

2. NAVIGATION  the way of charting a course and the methods used to find the way to a specific location.  Viking Navigation with a Sun Board Viking Navigation with a Sun Board

3. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Compass  wherever you stand on Earth, the needle on the compass will point toward the Earth’s pole.  The needle is a small metal magnet on a frictionless pivot point attracted to the magnetic pull from the planet’s core.  Used to navigate land and underwater.

4. COMPASS

5. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Chronometer  Portable clock of great accuracy used on determining longitude at sea.

6. CHRONOMETER

7. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  A sextant determines latitude by measuring the position of the Sun and stars based on the instruments arc which is 1/6 of a circle.

8. SEXTANT

9. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Radio Beacons  1921 First electronic aid to navigation

10. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Radar  System of determining and displaying the distance of an object by measuring the time it takes for a radio signal echo to return.  “radio detecting and ranging”

11. RADAR

12. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Loran  Long range navigation, electronic timing device which measures the difference in arrival time of radio signals from pairs of land stations.

13. LORAN

14. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Satellite Navigation System  Orbiting satellites emit a signal at a precise frequency and a receiver on a ship measures the frequency shift to determine position to within 30 m.

15. SATALLITES

16. TOOLS USED TO NAVIGATE  Global Positioning System  Worldwide radio-navigation using 24 satellites and 5 ground-based monitoring stations used as reference to calculate position within a few meters and advanced to within a few centimeters.

17. GPS SATALLITES

18. GPS  Precise measurements of distance between a receiver and four satellites will pinpoint the exact location of the receiver with GPS.

19. GPS  GPS can be used to measure the velocity of a moving receiver as well as its location.

20. GPS  Oceanographers are developing new technologies for using GPS in underwater applications.  A major problem in using GPS underwater is that GPS signals are radio waves, which are quickly absorbed by water.

21. SONAR  Used for underwater applications

22. RV New Horizon