1. Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum
KIN 125

3. Bernarr Macfadden August 16, 1868-October 12, 1955

4. Study of History Influence of individuals Innovations Institutions
Impact of Social Forces

5. Social Forces Religious Influences Immigration Philanthropy
Urbanization
Industrialization
Educational Movements
Technological Developments

6. Religious Influences Colonial America
Puritans: New England Colonies
Anglican: Middle Colonies

7. Immigration German Turners Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s
Introduction of German gymnastics in school systems

8. Philanthropy
Mary Hemenway in Boston
Introduction of Swedish System

9. Urbanization Health Problems associated with demographic changes
Increase demand for recreation
Promotion of sport for entertainment
Need for social health concerns

10. Industrialization
Modifications in labor conditions
Consumerism

11. Educational Movements
Development of European models in America
Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and Cambridge
Round Hill School: Northampton, Mass.

12. Technological Developments
Mass Media
Developments in transportation and communication
Mass production of consumer goods

13. The Beginning of Physical Education
Johann Bernhard Basedow
∗First to recognize the importance of exercise
∗Required a specific uniform for his students to allow unrestricted movement
∗Offered a camp for 2 months during the summer for the children

14. Curriculum Development: 19th Century
Beck, Follen, and Lieber
German Gymnastics
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn: Father of Gymnastics
1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati
Large Muscle development

15. A Teacher Is Born Charles Beck 1798-1866 ⋆Friend and follower of Jahn
⋆Was hired to teach Latin and Physical Education in the form of German gymnastics
⋆Became the first official Physical Education teacher in America

17. From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths

18. Turnplatz

20. Swedish Gymnastics Father of Swedish gymnastics: Per Henrik Ling
Introduced in Boston through philanthropic efforts of Mary Hemenway
Baron Nils Posse Training Institute
Alternative to German gymnastics
Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis

21. Per Henrik Ling
Father of Swedish gymnastics

22. Lewis System Dio Lewis, M.D. Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)
First physical education teacher training institute: 1861 in Boston

23. Promoting Physical Education
Diocletian (Dio) Lewis
♣ Did more to promote physical education than any other single individual
♣ Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail and women to have a system they could use
♣ Opened the Normal Institute of Physical Education in Boston
♣ Invented bean bags and wooden dumbells
♣ Also used music to enhance his exercises
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24. Beecher System Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family
Developed calisthenics for females
Two female schools: Cincinnati and Hartford
Called for the importance of physical activity for females

25. Hitchcock System
Edward Hitchcock, M.D.: hired as the first physical educator to have professorial rank, in He had the status of Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College
Development of anthropometrics
Group calisthenics accompanied to music

26. Sargent System
Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University
Anthropometrics
Individual Exercise program
Over 90 patents for exercise machines

27. The Exercise Machine Dudley Allen Sargent 1840-1924
☺ Invented over 80 machines, using pulleys & weights
☺ Contributed to anthropometric measurements
- He took these measurements and compared them with standards at a given age, whereupon a series of prescribed exercises was given to meet the demands of each particular case

29. Growth of Intercollegiate Sport
Began as class rivalries in the 1820’s
Developed into club teams in the 1840’s
First Intercollegiate contest in 1852: rowing match between Harvard and Yale
First Intercollegiate football contest occurred in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton

30. Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)
International collegiate match in 1869 between Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River
Football is modified in 1874
By 1880’s attendance of over 40,000 spectators during national championship
President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting in 1905

31. Interschool Athletics
Popularization of school sports in the early 1900’s
Organization of state associations in the 1920’s

32. Recreation
Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston opens the first municipal recreation center
1820’s boating clubs in Boston
1842 New York Knickerbockers
1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies baseball rules
Amateur baseball clubs throughout the north east

33. 20th Century
In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the “new physical education” (see pp.40-41; )
Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities in the form of play leads to character development
The view that physical education activities contribute to the goals of education

34. 20th cent. Cont.
Philosophical view of Education Through the Physical. Espoused that physical education contributed to social and moral development.
Jesse Feiring Williams
Jay Nash
Thomas Wood
Luther Gulick: YMCA triangle

35. Two Philosophical Views
Education of the Physical: the importance of training the physical as a goal in and of itself.
Education through the Physical: utilization of sports and games to develop behavioral goals such as social and moral development.