1. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration Living cells require
Organisms use as their main energy source
Cellular respiration is the process of
Energy is released in the process of respiration when the cells of plants and animals

3. Respiration The breakdown of organic molecules is
Aerobic respiration consumes
Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but
Fermentation is a

4. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration includes both but is often used to refer to
Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the :

6. Redox Reactions The during chemical reactions
This released energy is used to
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called
In oxidation, a substance , or is
In reduction, a substance , or is
In cellular respiration, the

7. NAD+
In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps
As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an
Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)
NADH passes the electrons to the

8. Electron Transport Chain
Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction
O2 pulls electrons
The energy yielded is

9. Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis - Anaerobic
Citric Acid Cycle - Aerobic
Oxidative phosphorylation - Aerobic

10. Mitochondria 1) Glycolysis 2) Citric Acid Cycle
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)

12. Step 1: Glycolysis “Splitting of sugar”
Breaks down glucose (C6H12O6) into
Occurs in the
NAD picks up H+ and electrons to form NADH2

13. STEP 1 - TWO Phosphates are attached to Glucose, forming a NEW Six-Carbon Compound.  The Phosphate Groups come From TWO ATP, which are Converted to ADP.
    STEP 2 - The Six-Carbon Compound formed in Step 1 is SPLIT into TWO Three-Carbon Molecules of PGAL.
    STEP 3 - The TWO PGAL Molecules are Oxidized, and each Receives a Phosphate Group Forming Two NEW Three-Carbon Compounds.  The Phosphate Groups are provided by Two molecules of NAD+ forming NADH.
    STEP 4 - The Phosphate Groups added in Step 1 and Step 3 are Removed from the Three-Carbon Compounds.  This reaction produces Two molecules of Pyruvic Acid.  Each Phosphate Group is combines with a molecule of ADP to make a molecule of ATP.  Because a total of Four Phosphate Groups were Added, FOUR MOLECULES OF ATP ARE PRODUCED.
TWO ATP Molecules were used in Step 1, but FOUR are Produced in Step 4.  Therefore, Glycolysis has a NET YIELD of TWO ATP Molecules for every Molecule of Glucose that is converted into Pyruvic Acid.  What happens to the Pyruvic Acid depends on the Type of Cell and on whether Oxygen is present

14. Glycolysis Summary Location: Reactants Products ** Simple Summary
Summary total

15. Bridge Reaction In the presence of O2,
Before the citric acid cycle can begin,
In the mitochondria matrix…
1) Pyruvic Acid loses a C to form
2) The lost carbon
3)Acetic acid binds with
The lost carbon binds with O2 making CO2

16. Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Takes place within the
There are , each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate
The next seven steps

17. Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
2 molecules of CO2 are
NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide - another ion carrier)
The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food
The cycle generates
Recall that two molecules of pyruvate are formed during glycolysis resulting in

19. Kreb’s Cycle Summary Products Reactants Location: Kreb’s Summary

20. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Takes place in the
A series of molecules that excited electrons pass along,
Most of the chain’s components are , which exist in

21. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food
These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via
The carriers alternate as they accept and donate electrons
Electrons
They are finally passed to O ,forming

22. NADH and FADH2
Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Again,
O e H+  H2O
Electrons are passed through a number of proteins
The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts

23. Chemiosmosis ETC Summary
Electron transfer in the ETC causes proteins to
H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in
ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive
This is an example of chemiosmosis,
ETC Summary

24. ETC

25. ETC Summary Reactants Product Simpler ETC Summary Best ETC Summary
Location:
Reactants
Product
Simpler ETC Summary
Best ETC Summary

26. Whole Respiration Process
Song I Found...

27. Total ATP from 1 molecule of glucose in
Total Energy
Total ATP from 1 molecule of glucose in   
Stage ATP
+ 4 Total
Glycolysis (b/c 2 are used in the first step)
CA Cycle
ETC _________________
TOTAL  
During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:
Glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP

29. Fermentation Most cellular respiration requires
Glycolysis can produce ATP
, glycolysis couples with to produce ATP
Fermentation uses instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP
2 Types:

30. Lactic Acid Fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation,
Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation
As the lactate is produced in the muscles it leaks out into the blood and is carried around the body. If this condition continues the functioning of the body will become impaired and the muscles will fatigue very quickly. This point is often measured as the lactic threshold or anaerobic threshold or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). When oxygen becomes available the lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid and then into carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
The process of lactic acid removal takes approx. one hour, but this can be accelerated by undertaking an appropriate warm down which ensures a rapid and continuous supply of oxygen to the muscles.

31. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Example: Burning feeling in muscles during a workout
From oxygen debt
Lactate
As the lactate is produced in the muscles it leaks out into the blood and is carried around the body. If this condition continues the functioning of the body will become impaired and the muscles will fatigue very quickly. This point is often measured as the lactic threshold or anaerobic threshold or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). When oxygen becomes available the lactic acid is converted to pyruvic acid and then into carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
The process of lactic acid removal takes approx. one hour, but this can be accelerated by undertaking an appropriate warm down which ensures a rapid and continuous supply of oxygen to the muscles.

32. Alcohol Fermentation In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is
Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in

33. Fermentation
Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and
Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that
Review

34. Role of Macromolecules
Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration
Glycolysis accepts a wide range of
Amino groups can feed
Fats are digested to
Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield
An oxidized gram of produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of

35. Regulation of Cell Respiration
is the most common mechanism for control
If ATP concentration begins to , respiration
When there is of ATP, respiration
Control of catabolism is based mainly on

36. Review Questions
Define cellular respiration and state its importance as a life process.
Differentiate between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
State and explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
Define oxidation and reduction and explain the idea of redox reactions.
Explain the use of NAD+ as a coenzyme.
Explain the electron transport chain (ETC).
Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations.
Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.
Explain the bridge reaction, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.
Explain the Kreb’s cycle, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.
Explain the ETC, stating the reactants, products, and major activities.
Explain the role of oxygen in the ETC.
Define chemiosmosis and explain its role in cellular respiration.
Differentiate between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
Differentiate between oblicate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes.
Explain the role of macromolecules in cellular respiration.
Explain how cell respiration is regulated.