1. Solutions to Overpopulation & Population Policies

2. Possible Solutions to Overpopulation
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Possible solutions
Barriers to these solutions

3. Population Policies What types of population policies exist ?
What types of population policies exist ?

4. Pro-natalist or Expansive
(Promote more births)

5. Anti-natalist or Restrictive
(Promote fewer births)

6. + Maintenance or Stability 2 babies .1

7. Pro-natalist Anti-natalist CBR CDR RNI Russia 13 14 -0.1 China 12 7
Anti-natalist
CBR
CDR
RNI
Russia 13 14
-0.1
China 12 7
0.5
Japan 8 9
Egypt 25 5 2
Germany 10
-0.2
India 23
1.6
Singapore 4
Vietnam 17 1
Iran 19 6
1.3
Indonesia
France
0.4
Ethiopia 37
2.7
Australia
0.8
Bolivia 26
1.9
Newfoundland
Nepal
Quebec 11
Philippines
Niger 48
3.6
Mali 45 15 3

8. Does where a country fits within the DT influence
the type of population policy they implement ?
RNI x 10 is plotted
pro-natalist
anti-natalist
(horizontal position is what is important)

9. Expansive Population Policies
Not as common today as they were twenty years ago
Reasons:
Replaces those lost in war and civil unrest
Build up the military
Replace retiring folks in the workforce
Support the increasing number of seniors
Lead to economic growth
Examples: Japan
Singapore
Quebec (until recently)
Newfoundland

10. U.S.S.R.
1944 – 1992
awarded medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.
6 – 8 million famine
8 – 10 million Stalin’s repression
14 million military losses in WW2
20 million civilian losses in WW2
Total 50 million +
Why ?

11. Motherhood Medals 5 children 8,000,000 awarded 2nd Class 1st Class

12. Order of Maternal Glory
3rd Class
2nd Class
1st Class
7 children - 2,000,000 awarded
8 children - 1,000,000 awarded
9 children - 500,000 awarded

13. Order Mother Heroine
10 children ,000 awarded

14. Russia Recent incentives 2006 - 2012
2nd & subsequent babies ~ $10,000 (pd. at age 3)
- ~ $60.00 / month
if more than 3 children ~ $250 / month
more available daycare
adjustable work schedules for women
smart immigration policy – encourage expats to return home (cash, social benefits, jobs)
--encourage talented young foreigners to immigrate
established a special system of pension for housewives as a separate class
financial support for single mothers
July 8 – new national holiday – Day of Family, Love, and Fidelity
Medals given out for long married couples with children (25 years+)

15. Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - Family Contact Day (Conception Day)
Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest

16. Conception Day started Sept. 12, 2005
Post office sponsored contest – best love letter
Best young family contest
Libraries display reading material for parents to be
possible day off work to allow for conception / contests / displays
if birth June win a prize
TVs, washing machines, SUV
Grand Prize to the parents judged to be the fittest

17. Australia Baby bonus - ~2004
“have one for your husband, one for your wife, and one for the country”
$5000 /child

18. Quebec, Canada 1950s – very high total fertility rate Why ?
1980s – one of the lowest in Canada Why ?
-1 - Baby boom + Roman catholic church control – opposed the use of contraceptive techniques.
The church also encouraged large families as a “demographic investment” that insured the survival of French Canada within the Canadian Confederation.
2 – (Liberalization of church and emancipation of women)
3 – Power in canada would weaken – less population, less power, and less influence within the country…also to preserve French culture.
Quebec government wanted to increase the TFR Why ?

19. Quebec 1987 – 1992 1992 – 1997 1997 program cancelled
$ 500 for each of 1st 2 children
$3000 for each subsequent child
child care facilities improved & expanded
tax free family allowance if 2 or more children
interest free housing loans (up to $7000)
1992 – 1997
$ 500 for 1st child
$1000 for 2nd
$6000 for each subsequent child
other benefits remain the same
Did not receive results that they were looking for.
program cancelled

20. Quebec 2003 election Parti Quebecois’ platform involved population
expansion
Today probably the best day care system in Canada
Bernard Landry
couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will
get 1/2 their student loan paid off

21. Newfoundland
View two articles

22. Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
out-migration *Why ?
declining fertility

24. Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
$1000 per birth or adopted baby
improved maternity/paternity program
improved daycare

25. Restrictive Population Policies
Reasons:
Cannot afford to provide for them
Overpopulation concerns (limited available resources)
Local, national, & international scale
Allow more women in the workforce and boost economy
First one: India (1950)
Policies (Family planning advice, low-cost birth control devices, and encouragement)
Philippines, Mexico, Bangladesh (LLDCs)
More Aggressive Policies (forced abortions and sterilization)
China, India, Indonesia

26. China - One Child Policy 1979
- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
Rewards
free medical care
free daycare and schooling
guaranteed job for child
bonuses for parents
extra maternity leave
better housing
bigger old age pension
Penalties
must repay financial benefits
educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn
parents’ wages reduced

27. *How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

28. Massive Infrastructure of Population Control Workers - Every community, population-control committee members carefully monitor their neighbours - In every workplace, assigned employees regularly check-up on female co-workers - If an additional pregnancy is discovered – immediately report infraction and begin counseling to convince the couple that an abortion is required. - Quotas in workplaces (all workers will lose their bonuses – peer pressure)

29. Peer pressure

30. Education Program

31. Advertising

32. Human Rights infringements
Cases. - Women being forced to terminate a 3rd pregnancy and in some regions a 2nd - If 2nd child is born, the state forces either the mother of father to be sterilized Rules that have emerged.
Situation
Consequence
Twins or Triplets?
No punishment.
Baby seriously disabled
A 2nd child permitted if a doctor confirms he or she will be healthy
1st child dies
2nd child is possible with permission
Couple divorces and remarries
Child is permitted

33. Preference for sons
Example: farming families wanting a son to help on the farm
Consequently:
** Some couples have an extra child despite the penalties
** Some abort female fetuses
** Others kill their female babies
Estimated that more boys than girls are born in China each year.
Government Response to this problem
Some rural areas: Couples who have female babies, may be allowed to try for a son four years after the first child is born.
Cash bonuses for abiding by the policy are slightly higher for families with girls
Old-age pension increased for couples complying with the policy
Jobs and possessions can now be handed down to daughters

34. India - Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd
-mandatory sterilization for anyone with 3 children or more
large country, huge population, federation system with many different cultural
and political variations throughout the country – difficult for federal government
to impose its will on the States

35. Are there demographic problems here ?
What type of population policies might be appropriate ?

36. Are there demographic problems here ?
Annapolis Royal, N.S.
Fort McMurray, Alb.
What type of population policies might be appropriate ?