1. Exploring the Southern Hemisphere: Plant Bug Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Field Work in Australia and South Africa presented by Randall T. Schuh Curator and Chair Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York

2. Planetary Biodiversity Inventories Funding: US National Science Foundation, 2003 Criteria: Worldwide and monophyletic taxa Duration: 5 years Projects: Eumycetozoa (slime molds): 1000 species Solanum (Solanaceae): 1500 species Miridae (Heteroptera): 5000 species Siluriformes (cat fishes): 2500 species http://research.amnh.org/pbi

4. PBI Participants

5. 7 infraorders 85 families 40,000 species described Heteroptera: True Bugs

7. Infraorder: Cimicomorpha 1,350 valid genera 10,200 valid species mostly phytophagous high host specificity many myrmecomorphic some aposematic Miridae: Plant Bugs

8. Status as of 2003 8 recognized tribes 485 described genera 3900 described species ~ 1400 published hosts ~ 90 new genera ~ 1200 new species in collections PBI Target Taxa: Orthotylinae and Phylinae

9. Exemplar Orthotylinae and Phylinae

10. Application of taxon focused techniques Maximize discovery of new taxa Extend geographic coverage Maximize host/biological information Maximize specimen quality Maximize specimen numbers Field Work Fundamentals

11. Collecting Equipment

12. Host Specificity in the Orthotylinae and Phylinae

13. Host Collecting

14. Processing host vouchers, Sept. 2004, Compton Herbarium, Cape Town Vouchers ready for drying

15. Herbarium Quality Host Specimens

16. Palearctic Australian Nearctic Neotropical Ethiopian Oriental Species Accumulation in the Orthotylinae and Phylinae

17. 550 described species 25 % of known world fauna >200,000 specimens in collections flora of ~ 9000 seed plant species ~ 500 published hosts North American Orthotylinae and Phylinae

18. Asteraceae (Ambrosia, Artemisia, etc.) Chenopodiaceae (Atriplex, Sarcobatus, etc.) Fabaceae (Acacia, Prosopis, Psorothamnus, etc.) Fagaceae (Quercus) Pinaceae (Pinus, Abies, etc.) Rhamnaceae (Ceanothus, Rhamnus, Zizyphus) Rosaceae (Cercocarpus, Purshia, Rosa, etc.) Salicaceae (Populus, Salix) Major North American Host Groups

19. Extreme plant diversity and endemism Unique biotic affinities Limited prior sampling Few publications and described taxa Unstudied by classical & modern authors No local specialists SOUTH AFRICAN FIELD WORK Western Cape as a PBI target area: Namaqualand–Little Karoo–Fynbos

20. 1961 – Carvalho, South African Animal Life 12 described species 0 documented hosts 250 specimens studied 1974 – Schuh, Published Dissertation 100 described species: + 850% 50 documented hosts 2000 specimens studied: + 800% South African Orthotylinae and Phylinae: 1961, 1974

21. South Africa: 2003, 2004 Localities >120 localities

22. > 250 species: + 250% > 350 documented hosts: + 700% > 20,000 specimens: + 1000% South African Orthotylinae and Phylinae, 2005

23. South African Museum and Table Mountain, Cape Town

24. Bed and Breakfast, Vanrhynsdorp

25. Tradouw Pass, East of Cape Town

26. Look East, South of Clanwilliam

27. Vanrhyns Pass, East of Vanrhynsdorp

28. Looking west from Vanrhyns Pass Summit

29. Northern Namaqualand, SE of Kamieskroon

30. Collecting near Kamieskroon, northern Namaqualand

31. Far Northern Cape, toward Lekkersing: Tom Henry

32. Far Northern Cape, toward Lekkersing: Denise Wyniger

33. Cupressaceae: Widdringtonia sp.Widdringtoniola sp.

34. Solanaceae: Lycium sp.Karoocapsus sp.

35. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium cucullatumundescribed

36. Aizoaceae: Lampranthus sp.Eminoculus sp.

37. Fabaceae: Lebeckia sericeaPseudosthenarus sp.

38. Asteraceae: Leysera sp. undescribed

39. High plant diversity and endemicity, especially in west and southwest Limited sampling Few publications and described taxa No local specialists historically Australia as a PBI target area AUSTRALIAN FIELD WORK

40. 180 described species (~ 75 Orthotylinae and Phylinae) 1.8% of known world fauna ~ 500 species in collections 25,000 specimens in collections Flora of ~ 18,000 seed plant species 35 published host records Australian Miridae, 1994

41. Australia: 1995--2002 Localities > 400 localities

42. 210 described species: + 15% (90 Orthotylinae and Phylinae) > 1,500 spp. in collections: + 300% > 100,000 specimens: + 400% (80% Orthotylinae and Phylinae) 1,400 documented hosts: + 4000% Australian Miridae: 2002

43. Long Distances, Few People

44. Camping in the Bush, Southwestern Australia

45. Heath lands, near Esperance, Western Australia

46. Eucalypus forest, Margaret River, Western Australia

47. Open Acacia woodland, South Australia

48. Casuarina Woodland, Central Australia

49. Casuarina Fruits

50. Acacia with Loranthaceous Parasites, South Australia

51. Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia

52. Sand dune, north of Kalbarri Park, Western Australia

53. Xanthorrhoeaceae: Lomandra sp.Kirkaldyella sp.

54. Restionaceae: Hypolaena humilisundescribed

55. Loranthaceae: Amyema sp.Hypseloecus sp.

56. Proteaceae: Conospermum sp.undescribed

57. Proteaceae: Grevillea sp.3 undescribed

58. Proteaceae: Adenanthos cuneatusundescribed

59. Myrtaceae: Melaleuca sp.undescribed

60. Chenopodiaceae: Rhagodia sp.undescribed

61. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina sp.Austromirini sp.

62. Fabaceae: Acacia sp.Austromiris sp.

63. Asteraceae: Waitzia acuminata“Wallabicoris” sp.

64. 20% increase in available specimens 20% increase in known species diversity Continental-scale increase in geographic coverage ~ 100% increase in host-documented specimens ~ 1000% increase in host vouchers PBI Accomplishments Changes for World Orthotylinae and Phylinae

65. Gerry Cassis Sheridan Hewson-Smith Jason Larimer Brenda Massie Ella Massie-Schuh Lorenzo Prendini Michael Schwartz Steve Thurston Christiane Weirauch Denise Wyniger National Science Foundation American Museum of Natural History Australian Museum http://research.amnh.org/pbi Acknowledgments