1. Origins of Ocean Salts

2. 10% 90% of rainfall is on the oceans

3. Watershed River basin Drainage basin Catchment Total land area that drains surface water to a common point. Rain that falls anywhere within a given body of water's watershed or basin will eventually drain into that body of water.

4. Amazon Watershed Atlantic

5. salts Watersheds, Erosion and Dissolution salts Dissolution of salts; erosion of rocks and minerals rain

6. Dissolved in water water Minerals and Erosion KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8 K +, Ca 2+, Na +, Si 4+ Feldspars KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8 granite

8. Dissolved Salts and Minerals KCl NaCl MgCl 2 CaCO 3 CaSO 4 KCl NaCl MgCl 2 CaCO 3 CaSO 4 KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8 KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8 Rivers contain small amounts of dissolved salts that are delivered to the oceans

9. Amazon Watershed Atlantic K Na Mg Cl Ca CO 3 Ca SO 4 Si K Na Mg Cl Ca CO 3 Ca SO 4 Si

10. Rivers < 500 mg/L Oceans35,000 mg/L If rivers have low salt contents and they are delivering salts to the oceans, why do oceans have such high salt contents? Total Salts

11. Salts left behind evaporation The primary factor leading to ocean salinity.

12. Salts are delivered to the oceans in small amounts Evaporation removes water from the oceans, but leaves the salts behind. Rainfall on land dissolves more salts, which are subsequently delivered to the oceans

13. What kind of Salts?

14. KCl NaCl MgCl 2 CaCO 3 CaSO 4 KCl NaCl MgCl 2 CaCO 3 CaSO 4 River Water 35.15 20.39 12.14 11.67 5.68 5.79 3.41 2.12 Ion Carbonate Calcium Sulfate Silicate Chloride Sodium Magnesium Potassium River Salt Composition Dominated by Carbonate, Calcium, Sulfate, and Silicate KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8 KAlSi 3 O 8 CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaAlSi 3 O 8

15. Ocean Salt Composition Ion Chloride Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Calcium Potassium Carbonate Silicate Sea Water (%) 55.04 30.62 7.68 3.69 1.15 1.10 0.40.0004 Dominated by Chloride and Sodium Na + and Cl - (85% of total) Cl - Na +

16. River Water 35.15 20.39 11.67 12.14 5.68 5.79 3.41 2.12 Sea Water.40 1.15.0004 7.68 55.04 30.62 3.69 1.10 Ion Carbonate Calcium Silicate Sulfate Chloride Sodium Magnesium Potassium Percentage of Total Dissolved Minerals } 79% } 85%

17. Enrich Chloride and Sodium in ocean water Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate from river water Alterations

18. sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are soluble chloride, bromide and iodide salts are soluble. NaCl Solubility 350 g/L Solubility: ease of salt dissolution in water Enriching Sodium and Chloride Once these types of ions reach the oceans they stay dissolved

19. Ion Chloride Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Calcium Potassium Carbonate Silicate Sea Water (%) 55.04 30.62 7.68 3.69 1.15 1.10 0.40.0004 Both chloride salts and sodium salts are extremely soluble in water and do not combine with other elements to form solids

20. Enrich Chloride and Sodium in ocean water Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate from river water Alterations

21. Sodium Chloride Sulfate Ca +2 Cl - Na + CO 3 -2 SO 4 -2 solid Carbonate Calcium Precipitation and Carbonate Removal Calcium and carbonate are at near saturation levels in oceans (amounts are close to a threshold for precipitation) Ca 2+ + CO 3 2- = CaCO 3

22. Corals Mollusks CaCO 3 MgCO 3 Marine Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate Carbonate Deposition/Sedimentation Foraminifera Algae

23. Diatoms Life and Silica Remove Silica, Calcium, Carbonate Use silica as structural material

24. River Water 35.15 20.39 11.67 5.68 5.79 3.41 2.12 12.14 Sea Water.40 1.15.0004 55.04 30.62 3.69 1.10 7.68 Ion Carbonate Calcium Silicate Chloride Sodium Magnesium Potassium Sulfate Percentage of Total Dissolved Minerals

25. Next: Saltwater to Freshwater