2. Enlarges image formed by objective lens Magnifies specimen, forming primary image Eyepiece Focuses light through specimen Ocular lens Specimen Objective lens Condenser lens Light source

3. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph of a peroxisome from the marine snail Gibulla umbilicalis.

4. Head Louse

5. INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome A typical rod-shaped bacterium Pili A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

7. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS: Chromosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Lysosome Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Animal Cell Organelles

8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum CYTOSKELETON: NUCLEUS: Chromosome Nucleolus Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Peroxisome Cell wall Central vacuole Microtubule Intermediate filament Microfilament Cell wall of adjacent cell Chloroplast Plant Cell Organelles

9. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  There are four life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend upon structures and organelles –Manufacturing –Breakdown of molecules –Energy processing –Structural support, movement, and communication Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  Manufacturing involves the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus –Manufacture of a protein, perhaps an enzyme, involves all of these Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Cellular Organelles - Nucleus  The nucleus contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell  In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin  Chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes (during cell division)

12. Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

13. Ribosomes: Protein Factories Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis Cells that must synthesize large amounts of protein have a large number of ribosomes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Fig. 6-11 Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome TEM showing ER and ribosomes 0.5 µm

15. The endomembrane system: all these membranes are related through direct contact or through vesicles Components of the endomembrane system: – Nuclear envelope – Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi apparatus – Lysosomes – Vacuoles – Plasma membrane A vesicle is a tiny spherical package of molecules surrounded by a membrane Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory There are two distinct regions of ER: – Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes – Rough ER, with ribosomes studding its surface – One synthesizes lipids and the other functions in protein synthesis. Which do you think is which? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. 4.9 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory Smooth ER is involved in a variety of diverse metabolic processes –involved in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 4.9 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory Rough ER makes additional membrane for itself and proteins destined for secretion –Once proteins are synthesized, they are transported in vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 4.10 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products The Golgi apparatus functions in conjunction with the ER by modifying products of the ER –Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus –One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the product and the other as a shipping dock –Products are modified as they go from one side of the Golgi apparatus to the other and travel in vesicles to other sites Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi

21. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. Some types of cell can engulf another cell/bacteria by phagocytosis; this forms a vacuole A lysosome fuses with the vacuole and digests the molecules Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called autophagy Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. Fig. 6-14 Nucleus 1 µm Lysosome Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Food vacuole (a) Phagocytosis Digestion (b) Autophagy Peroxisome Vesicle Lysosome Mitochondrion Peroxisome fragment Mitochondrion fragment Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Digestion

25. Video Examples Lets follow the path of insulin – This is a protein that will be secreted from the pancreatic cell Antibodies – These are defensive proteins that will be secreted from the white blood cell

26. Transport vesicle buds off Secretory protein inside trans- port vesicle Glycoprotein Polypeptide Ribosome Sugar chain Rough ER 1 2 3 4 Video

27. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  Breakdown of molecules involves lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes –Breakdown of an internalized bacterium by a phagocytic cell would involve all of these Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Food vacuole Digestion

29. 4.12 Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell  Vacuoles are membranous sacs that are found in a variety of cells and possess an assortment of functions –Examples are the central vacuole in plants with hydrolytic functions, pigment vacuoles in plants to provide color to flowers, and contractile vacuoles in some protists to expel water from the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Nucleus Chloroplast Central vacuole

31. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  Energy processing involves mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells –Generation of energy-containing molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate, occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Outer membrane

33. Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space

34. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  Structural support, movement, and communication involve the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall –An example of the importance of these is the response and movement of phagocytic cells to an infected area Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Microfilament Actin subunit 7 nm Intermediate filament Fibrous subunits 10 nm Microtubule Tubulin subunit 25 nm Nucleus

36. Central microtubules Outer microtubule doublet Radial spoke Dynein arms Plasma membrane Triplet Cross sections: Flagellum Basal body

38. 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments  There are four life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend upon structures and organelles –Manufacturing –Breakdown of molecules –Energy processing –Structural support, movement, and communication Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Nucleus Golgi apparatus Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosome Lysosomes Vacuoles Perixisomes Chloroplast Mitochondria

41. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l.

42. Quiz 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.Which organelle is involved in manufacture of protein? 2.Which organelles acts as a kind of recycling center for the cell and breaks down old molecules so they can be used again? 3.Which organelle acts as an energy transformer? 4.A cell that’s primary function is to produce protein would have a lot of_____________. a. Mitchondria b. Vacuole c. Ribosome d. Lysosome Matching: can be used more than once

43. Quiz 3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. Name one difference between plant and animal cells. 6. What is the most important macromolecule found the nucleus of a cell? 7.T/F One function of the cytoskeleton is to give support to the cell. 8. T/F Vesicles are similar to little circular bubbles that can carry proteins around in the cell. 9.T/F The Golgi apparatus stores, modifies, and packages proteins. 10. Would you like to get a point for answering this question?

44. Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Proteins Hydrophobic region of protein Inside cell Hydrophilic region of protein Outside cell

45. 4.5 The structure of membranes correlates with their functions  The plasma membrane controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell, a trait called selective permeability –The structure of the membrane with its component molecules is responsible for this characteristic –Membranes are made of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrate, but the most abundant lipids are phospholipids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Symbol Phosphate group

47. 4.20 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support, movement, and regulation  Cells synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is essential to cell function –The ECM is composed of strong fibers of collagen, which holds cells together and protects the plasma membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Microfilaments Collagen fiber Connecting glycoprotein Integrin Plasma membrane Glycoprotein complex with long polysaccharide CYTOPLASM

49. 4.21 Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues  Adjacent cells communicate, interact, and adhere through specialized junctions between them –Tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells –Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets –Gap junctions are channels that allow molecules to flow between cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Desmosomes Animation: Gap Junctions Animation: Tight Junctions

50. 4.21 Cell junctions are found in plant tissues  Plasmodesmata  Cytoplasmic streaming Cytoplasmic streaming Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Tight junctions Anchoring junction Gap junctions Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix