1. Forests and Governance Portfolio 9 January 2015, Wageningen University Steven Lawry, Research Director

2. Overview - GOV Portfolio  Several projects are completed or to be completed in 2014: PROFORMAL, social impacts of FSC, Governance of Indirect LU Changes, Large Scale land acquisition for oil palm, economic choices and trade-offs in REDD  On-going research (e.g. furniture value chains, large- scale investments & business models, integrated law enforcement, Emerging economies, planted forests, gender, land tenure.  Started in 2014: tenure reforms (IFAD/EC + GEF)  New initiatives: bioeconomy, sustainable commodity supply, corporate governance in oil palm, political economy of fire and haze in SE Asia, political economy of bioenergy dynamics in Eastern & Southern Africa, Trade in timber and wildlife

3.  Multi-scale governance – policy, institutions and incentives influence on land, agriculture, forest goods and services  Land and landscape governance – impacts and outcomes of tenure reforms and associated benefit sharing arrangements  Market-based governance of value chains – leverage points and benefits from adoption of improved processes and practices  Corporate governance (inc. finance) – conditions and outcomes from enhancing business social and environmental performance  Institutional arrangements and architectures – outcomes from innovations in regulatory and market-based mechanisms  Mainstreaming gender and social inclusion – across the research cycle from research design to M&E Main perspectives in our work

4.  Land and forest tenure reform – for securing rights of smallholders and communities under differentiated contexts of evolving land reforms  Land-based investment and business models – for assessing impacts and business models that deliver improved social and environmental outcomes  Planted forest initiative – for assessing the social performance of certified vs. similar non-certified FMUs in Cameroon, Republic of Congo and Gabon  Integrated law enforcement - for enhancing the effectiveness of enforcement-based approaches and identification of innovative strategies Highlights on ongoing research

5. Land and forest tenure reforms Close to 2 decades of reforms ostensibly aimed at securing local tenure (rights recognition)  Improve livelihoods  Incentives for sustainable land management Uneven implementation, with mixed results:  Limited transfer of rights  Role of customary systems not fully accounted for  On-going external threats via competing interests and uses  Internal differentiation, including gender  Administrative gaps/bottlenecks

6. Approach Consultative & partnering—diverse actors with multiple roles and interests Geographic scope: Indonesia, Uganda, Peru, Nepal, DRC, Ecuador Three interactive pillars: Research: comparative; diagnostic; good practice principles; indicators for monitoring tenure security; tools/strategies for integrating multiple interests Multi-stakeholder engagement: joint problem solving; scenarios development; experience sharing; Knowledge sharing and capacity enhancement: workshops; needs assessments; tools (eg conflict resolution; gender integration); tenure literacy;

7. Improved tenure policies, strategies and implementation practices: -knowledge of law -conflict resolution -enforcement/guarantees -coordination and roles/responsibilities Control Influence Interest Makarere University CIFOR HAVILAH company AUPWAE Project Advisory Committee Community groups Min of Gender Regulatory authorities FSSD Local politicians District Government FAO Ministries MPs for study area EAC Nat. NGOs Traditional leaders Womens groups Secure tenure/rights for women, men and marginalized groups Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Enhancement Diagnostic research & analysis Uganda ParliamentAU Regional & Int’l Agencies

8. Land-based investment and business models  Economic choices and trade-offs of REDD+ in Asia – Regional review of commercial land investments reveals very low spatial and financial transparency of land allocation/acquisition decision making. – The gendered impact of oil palm investments on rural livelihoods is uneven. Smallholders adding oil palm to their repertoire have benefitted. But further expansion of plantations is leading to casualization of labour and constraining smallholder options. These trends pose serious risk of impoverishment, especially for women as a group.  Large-scale investments in food, feed and energy – While the global attention relating to commercial land use continues to be large scale investments, our research in Indonesia indicates the growing prominence of SMEs

9. Planted Forests Initiative  Stakeholders’ perceptions of industrial plantations in Indonesia and implications for their integration in the landscape  Potential of market-based instruments to foster restoration and the provision of ecosystem services Emerging research issues:  Labor and rural development  Community forest enterprises  Mapping production potential from plantations (with ENV)  Assessing restoration potential in Indonesia (with ENV)

10. Integrated law enforcement Looking at the continuum from enforcement to rewards (Carrots and Sticks)  Mutual Legal Assistance as a tool to address transnational environmental crime  Banks’ Due Diligence on forestry investments  Environmental valuation in Indonesia: Calculate state revenue losses  Risk of Corruption in REDD+  Review 10 years of forest-related cases in the Indonesian Supreme Court Possible future research  Wildlife & timber trade  Community ownership rights to wildlife and forests  “Green banking” to drive sustainable landscape finance

11.  Corporate governance – Understanding changes in corporate investments, partnerships and public relations as they adopt or not adopt new standards on forest and land use (0 deforestation pledges)  Bio/green economy – Develop best practice business guidelines for forest- biomass related international commodity value chains (with LIV)  Smallholders and land tenure – How integrated farm, forest and tree management are impeded by forest regulations; How rural property rights affect migration, forest investments, gender and social equity (with LIV)  Fire and Haze – Understanding the political economy of forest and peat fire in Indonesia (with ENV) Building new “bodies of research”

12.  The PROFORMAL project formally ended in 2014.  Project resulted in extensive data and number of publications including detailed country specific policy options.  What more can we do with the project results? Going beyond projects Informal domestic timber markets  Draft additional papers targeting boundary partners to increase potential impact of PROFORMAL  Financial support for staff time from Flagship 5 to ensure alignment with flagship 5 2015-2016 outcomes.

13. Key challenges  Fund raising for emerging topics and regional hubs (Central, West and East Africa and Latin America)  Applying Theory of Change research practices to ensure better uptake of research finding by boundary partners  Building strategic partnerships with key actors in the policy arena including private sector