1. SHALLOW SURFACE COMPACTION
DONE BY :
Abdulmajeed alsultan

2. Outline Soil Improvement Compaction Field Compaction Equipment
Field Compaction Testing

3. Soil Improvement

4. Methods for Soil Improvement
Ground
Reinforcement
Ground
Improvement
Ground
Treatment
Stone Columns
Soil Nails
Deep Soil Nailing
Micropiles (Mini-piles)
Jet Grouting
Ground Anchors
Geosynthetics
Fiber Reinforcement
Lime Columns
Vibro-Concrete Column
Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Biotechnical
Drainage/Surcharge
Electro-osmosis
Compaction grouting
Blasting
Surface Compaction
Deep Dynamic Compaction
Soil Cement
Lime Admixtures
Flyash
Dewatering
Heating/Freezing
Vitrification

5. Compaction

6. Objectives of compaction
Decrease future settlements
Increase shear strength
Decrease permeability
Control swelling and contraction
Increases slope stability of embankments

7. Compaction Compaction Consolidation
What is different between compaction and Consolidation ?
Compaction
Densification of soil by removing air from the voids.
Consolidation
Densification of soil by removing water from the voids.

8. Types of Compaction Types of Compaction :
There are four types of compaction effort on soil : 
Vibration
Impact
Kneading
Pressure
SATURATED SOIL NOT COMPACTABLE

9. Field Compaction Equipment

10. Equipment Smooth-wheel roller (drum) 100% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 400 kPa
Can be used on all soil types except for rocky soils
Compactive effort : static weight

11. Equipment Pneumatic (or rubber-tired) roller
80% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 700 kPa
7 to 13 wheels are arranged in
two rows.
Can be used for both granular and fine-grained soils.
Compactive effort : static weight and kneading.

12. Equipment Sheepsfoot rollers 8% ~ 12 % coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 7000 kPa.
Compactive effort: static weight and kneading.

13. Equipment Sheepsfoot rollers Suitable for : – fine grained soils
– sands and gravels (with >20% fines)
Unsuitable for:
– very coarse soils
– uniform gravels

14. Equipment Mesh (or grid pattern) roller 50% coverage
Masses range from 5-12 Tones
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 6200 kPa
Compactive effort: static weight and vibration.

15. Equipment Mesh (or grid pattern) roller Suitable for:
– well-graded sands
– soft rocks
– stony soils with fine fractions
Unsuitable for:
– uniform sands
– Silty sands
– Very soft clays

16. Equipment Vibrating drum on smooth-wheel roller
Compactive effort: static weight and vibration.
Suitable for granular soils

17. Equipment Vibrating Plate : Suitable for :
– most soils with low to moderate
fines content
Unsuitable for:
– large volume work
– wet clayey soils

18. Equipment Power Rammer : Also called a trench tamper Suitable for :
– trench back-fill
– work in confined areas
Unsuitable for:
– large volume work

19. Variables-Vibratory Compaction
There are many variables which control the vibratory compaction or
densification of soils.
Characteristics of the compactor:
(1) Mass, size
(2) Operating frequency and frequency range
Characteristics of the soil:
(1) Initial density
(2) Grain size and shape
(3) Water content
Construction procedures:
(1) Number of passes of the roller
(2) Lift thickness
(3) Frequency of operation vibrator
(4) Towing speed

20. Field Compaction Testing

21. Field Density Testing Method
Sand Cone
Balloon Dens meter
Shelby Tube
Nuclear Gauge
Advantages
Large sample
Accurate
Direct reading   obtained  
Open graded    material
Fast
Deep sample
Under pipe haunches
Easy to redo
More tests (statistical reliability)
Disadvantages 
Many steps
Large area required
Slow
Halt Equipment
Tempting to accept flukes
Balloon breakage
Awkward
Small Sample
No gravel
Sample not always retained
No sample
Radiation
Moisture suspect
Encourages amateurs
Errors
Void under plate
Sand bulking
Sand compacted
Soil pumping
Surface not level
Overdrive
Rocks in path
Plastic soil
Miscalibrated
Surface prep required
Backscatter
Cost
Low
Moderate
High