1. Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I
Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Dott. M. Gatto
Lingue e Culture per il Turismo

2. Focus on…
Structures
Levels
Grammar

3. Grammar
Morphology
Syntax

4. MORPHOLOGY
The vocabulary (or lexis) of a language is made up of all the words in that language.
A word is an item that can stand alone as a complete unit of meaning.
Words can be built up out of smaller units of meaning called morphemes. The branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words is called morphology.

5. The structure of words
beauty
ful
beautiful

6. Sounds… (phonology/phonetics)
ˌglō-bə-lə-ˈzā-shən

7. Letters… (graphology)
GLOBALIZATION

8. Morphemes… (morphology)
GLOBE + AL + IZE + ATION

9. The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language and the smallest unit of analysis of sentence and words structure.
morphemes have a meaning
you can look up their meaning in a dictionary

10. GLOBALIZATION
globe =
-al = forming adjectives with the sense of ‘pertaining to’
-ize = forming transitive verbs with the sense of ‘make/treat in a specified way’
-tion = nouns denoting verbal action

11. GLOBE + AL + IZE + ATION
N > Adj > V > N

12. FREE/BOUND
GLOBE > FREE -AL -IZE - ATION
BOUND

13. A free morpheme can occur on its own as a word but can also be found with other morphemes:
LOVE (n)> - ER
LOVE (v) > -S

14. The free morpheme represents the ROOT of a word; bound morphemes can occur left and/or right of the root > AFFIXES EMPLOY - ER; -EE; UN - EMPLOY-MENT

15. Affixes
Suffixes
Prefixes

16. Affixes
DERIVATIONAL
INFLECTIONAL

17. INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES ARE ALWAYS SUFFIXES
Inflectional morphemes signal grammar relationship/category
person: -s; work-s
tense: -ed; work-ed
number: -s book-s
case: -’s
degree: -er; -est (adj. or adv.)
INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES ARE ALWAYS SUFFIXES

18. DERIVATIONAL
Derivational morphemes signal change of meaning or change of word class
positive/negative UN- HAPPY
adj/noun HAPPY - NESS
noun/adj BEAUTY – FUL
verb/noun INFORM - ATION
… and so on

19. INFLECTIONS (complete list)
-ed
-ing ‘s
-er
-est

20. DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES (sample)
-able
-age
-aholic
-al
-ant
-ate
-athon

21. -ation
-ed
-ee
-en
-er
ery
-ese
-esque
-ette
-ful

22. -hood
-ial
-ian/an
-ic
-ify
-ing
-ish
-ism
-ist
-ition

23. -ity
-ive
-ize/ise
-let
-ly
-ment
-ness
-or
-ous
-ship

24. -ward/s
-wise -y

25. PREFIXES (sample)
agri-
anti-
arch-
auto-
bi-
bio-
co-
cyber-

26. de-
dis- e-
eco-
en-
euro-
ex-
hyper-
in-
inter-

27. intra-
mal-
mega-
micro-
mini-
mis-
mono-
multi-
neo-
non-

28. pan-
poly-
post-
pre-
re-
semi-
sub-
super-
techno-
tele-

29. trans-
tri-
ultra-
un-
uni-
vice-

30. Morphemes are productive
New words can be created through
INFLECTION > free morpheme + suffix
DERIVATION > free morpheme + affix
COMPUNDING > free morpheme + free morpheme

31. Morphemic analysis
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32. TRANSLATION
SECURITY SECURE + ITY Adj + suffix = Noun SICUREZZA SICURO + EZZA

33. English morphemes often have their equivalent in Italian BUT…
eastwards
crabwise
greenish
shopaholic
swimathon

34. The typical solution is PARAPHRASE
eastwards > verso est
crabwise > all’indietro/come un gambero
greenish > una specie di verde > verdognolo
swimathon > maratpna di nuoto
shopaholic > affetto/a da sindrome dell’acquisto compulsivo

35. Beatrice Alexander A Shrewd Businesswoman In the mid-1920s, realizing she needed someone she trusted to help her manage the firm, Alexander asked her husband to quit his job. Philip was nervous about making the family's entire financial future dependent on an unproven business, but Beatrice threatened to divorce him if he refused. "I meant it," she later asserted. "It seemed to me I could always get another man." Philip finally agreed and worked alongside his wife until his death in Beatrice Alexander - A Shrewd Businesswoman" ©Jewish Women's Archive (April 8, 2004)

36. Welcome to AgribusinessOnline, a free market intelligence and technical infor­mation service for agribusiness professionals. AgribusinessOnline is brought to you as a free service by Fintrac Inc. as part of its mandate to disseminate market intelligence and new technologies to farmers and other agribusinesses worldwide. It was created through the merger of Fintrac's Global Agribusi­ness Information Network and MarketAg. © 2003 Fintrac Inc.

37. Taming Technostress
Is technology overwhelming you? Do you rely on computers, voice mail, cell phones, Web sites, faxes and - and feel overstimulated, panicky or stressed-out about being perpetually "plugged in"? The term technostress was coined in 1984 by psychologist Craig Brod, PhD, in his book, Tech­nostress: The Human Cost Of The Computer Revolution. Larry Rose, PhD, psychologist and coauthor of Technostress: Coping With describes how this type of stress accumulates: "Because technology lets us do so much, today people take on too much and end up feeling overwhelmed and never 'finished'...They never feel true downtime any more"-
© 2000 by IDEA Health & Fitness Source

38. E per finire…
Se l’Arcivescovo di Costantinopoli si disarcivescostantinopolizzasse, vi disarcivescostantinopolizzereste VOI?

39. HOMEWORK LAVIOSA, S. Linking Wor(l)ds: pp.3-13 (+ activities)
JACKSON, H.: Grammar and Vocabulary: pp. 8-12