1. Molecular Techniques Applied to Biological Material Grizzly Bear Scent Lures Bases: aged cattle blood, fish oil, fatty acid scent (expensive) Musky: beaver castor, skunk essence Intense: butyl mercapto, oleoresin capsicum, shellfish essence, cheese essence, anise oil, Tabasco, liquid smoke / bacon oil, fermented egg essence, garlic, bag balm antiseptic, turpentine Sweet: calamus powder, honey, cherry oil, peppermint oil, lavender, loganberry, banana, almond extract

2. Gender Identification in Conservation Programs Spix’s Macaw Seychelles warbler ZZ / ZW Do they adaptively adjust sex ratio? making a love connection

3. Estimating Historical Population Sizes Today10,000 56,000149,000 Historical240,000 360,000 265,000 Humpback Fin Minke Whale Whale Whale Based on Coalescent Model: Roman and Palumbi (2003)

4. Marine Protected Areas: How Big Should They Be? Big enough to allow corridors or stepping-stones for dispersal. Average dispersal distance MPE (determined using molecular markers)

5. Identifying Units of Conservation Adult Feeding Grounds Rookery 1Rookery 2Rookery 3 Adult Feeding Grounds Rookeries independent units Rookeries Non-independent units Females (mtDNA lineages) Green Turtles

6. Female dispersal and gene flow Low High Male dispersal and gene flow Low High Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- yes Y-linked genes-- yes Demographic autonomy-- yes Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- no Demographic autonomy-- yes Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- *** Demographic autonomy-- *** Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- no Demographic autonomy-- no Relationship between population genetic structure and gender specific dispersal and gene flow

7. Inferred patterns of female dispersal and matrilineal gene flow may be misleading: Strong geographical matrilineal (mtDNA) structure may result from density-dependent restrictions on female movement, not historical processes. Geographic populations may persist via continued recruitment from favorable areas (source-sink population structure). Limited structure would be observed, suggesting that local populations colonize easily.

8. Inferred patterns of female dispersal and matrilineal gene flow may be misleading: Molecular markers may not reveal “true” population genetic structure. Are populations structured because of historical gene flow and genetic drift, or could it be habitat specific natural selection? Larger historical population sizes may give the impression of geographically larger demographic units (it didn’t take much migration between populations), when there is actually very little contemporary gene flow. The details matter: go study your organisms in nature too!