2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War

3. Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “Fall of the Eagles”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

4. Causes of the War

5. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

6. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

7. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

8. Europe in 1914

9. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

10. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

11. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

12. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

13. The “ Spark ”

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

15.  A few years earlier, Bosnia had been taken over by Austria-Hungary, a move that angered many Bosnians who wanted closer ties to nearby Serbia and other Slavic ethnic groups.  On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, made an official visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Austria-Hungary's province of Bosnia. Ferdinand was heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  On the day of the visit, several terrorists, trained and armed by a Serbian group, waited in the crowd.

16. The Assassination: Sarajevo

18. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip Early in the day, as the royal couple rode through the city in an open car, a terrorist hurled a bomb at their car. The bomb bounced off the hood and exploded nearby. Unharmed, the couple continued their visit. Another terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, was waiting farther down the route. When the car came into view, Princip fired several shots into the car, killing the royal couple.

19. Who’s To Blame?

20. Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

21. Recruitment Posters

22. A Young Australian Recruit

23. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

24. New French Recruits

25. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

27. Women and the War Effort

28. Financing the War

29. For Recruitment

30. Munitions Workers

31. French Women Factory Workers

32. German Women Factory Workers

33. Working in the Fields

34. A Woman Ambulance Driver

35. Red Cross Nurses

36. Women in the Army Auxiliary

37. Russian Women Soldiers

38. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

39. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

40.  Both the Allies and the Central powers launched propaganda campaigns designed to whip up support for their side. Propaganda is information or rumor spread by a group or government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea. The information in the propaganda may or may not be accurate. Either way, the intention of propaganda is not to inform, but rather to persuade others to adopt the view or to take the action supported by the propagandist.

41. Australian Poster

42. American Poster

43. Financing the War

44. German Poster Think of Your Children!

45. The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”

46. A Multi-Front War

47. The Western Front

48. Trench Warfare

49. “No Man’s Land”

50. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

51. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

52. War Is HELL !!

53. Sacrifices in War

54. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

55. The Eastern Front

56. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

57. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

58. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

59. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

60. The Tsar with General Brusilov

61. The “ Colonial ” Fronts

62. Sikh British Soldiers in India

63. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

64. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

65. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

66. America Joins the Allies

67.  Wilson protested that sinking merchant ships without protecting the lives of passengers and crews violated international law. He warned that the United States would hold Germany to "strict accountability" for any American casualties in such attacks.  The policy of "strict accountability" was soon put to a test. On May 7, 1915, a U- boat sank the British liner Lusitania without warning. Among the 1,198 dead were 128 Americans.

68. The Sinking of the Lusitania

69.  February 1917. Britain had gotten hold of a note sent in code by the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico. Zimmermann suggested that if the United States entered the war, Mexico and Germany should become allies. Germany would then help Mexico regain "lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona." The Zimmermann note created a sensation in the United States and stirred anti-German feeling across the nation.

70. The Zimmerman Telegram

71.  Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany if it did not stop surprise attacks. In an agreement called the Sussex pledge, Germany promised to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships. But it attached a condition: The United States must force Britain to end its illegal blockade. Wilson accepted the pledge but would not accept the condition.

72.  The United States Enters the War  In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war. “It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into... the most terrible and disastrous of all wars,” he said. “Civilization itself seems to be hanging in the balance.” Library of Congress  On April 2, 1917, Wilson spoke to a special session of Congress. He reminded lawmakers of the loss of life caused by German U-boats and how these attacks hurt the nation's ability to trade freely with other countries. Then he turned to his main theme:  Neutrality is no longer feasible [practical]... where the peace of the world is involved... The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty... The right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments.  —Woodrow Wilson's War Message, address to Congress, 1917

73. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

74. Americans in the Trenches

75. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

76. French Renault Tank

77. British Tank at Ypres

78. U-Boats

79. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

80. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

81. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

82. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

83. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

84. The Zeppelin

85. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

86. Poison Gas Machine Gun

87. “ Art ” of World War I

88. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

89. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

90. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

91. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

92. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

93. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

94. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

95. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

96. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

97. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

98. World War I Casualties

99. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

100. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800