1. Section 5.3: Kingdom Fungi pgs. 152-158

2. What are Examples of Fungi?
Mushrooms
Toadstools
Moulds
Mildews
Yeast

3. Fun Fungi Facts
Fungi are all heterotrophic (cannot make their own food)!!
The majority of fungi are multicellular; few are unicellular
Fungi bodies are made up of hyphae – a network of fine filaments

4. Mycelium
The main bulk of a fungus is under the soil in the form of a loose, branching network of hyphae called the Mycelium

5. Septa
Many types of fungi have hyphae that are divided into cells by cross walls called septa.

6. How Fungi Feed Most fungi are saprophytes.
Saprophytes – break down dead matter and play a vital role in the recycling of nutrients.
Digestion occurs outside the body. This is called extracellular digestion.

7. Parasitic Fungi Some fungi are parasites of plants and animals.
They feed on living cells.
They produce hyphae called haustoria.
Haustoria penetrate host cells without immediately killing them.

8. Symbiotic Fungi
Many fungi live in symbiotic relationships with plants or animals.
Symbiotic relationship – each organism benefits.

9. Ex. Most trees have fungi living close to the their roots
Ex. Most trees have fungi living close to the their roots. Fungi’s hyphae absorb minerals from the soil and release them to the tree’s roots. Fungi benefits by absorbing sugars from the tree.
This relationship is called mycorrhiza (Greek: mykes = fungus, rhiza = root

10. Fungi Reproduction
Many have both asexual and sexual methods of reproduction.

11. Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation – when pieces of the hyphae are broken off and grow new mycelia

12. Sexual Reproduction
Spores – reproductive cells that are windblown and help the fungi disperse to new locations. Spores can be produced sexually (sometimes asexually)

13. Classifying Fungi There are 4 phyla of Fungi: Phylum Zygomycota
Phylum Basidiomycota
Phylum Ascomycota
Phylum Deuteromycota

14. Phylum Zygomycota (Zygospore Fungi)
Ex. Bread mould
Mostly reproduces asexually
During sexual reproduction, they produce zygospores
Zygospores – structures that develop after 2 hyphae combine and fuse their nuclei together

15. Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
Include:
mushrooms that grow on lawns
Bracket fungi on tree trunks
Puffballs on woodland floors

16. Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)
They are short-lived structures called basidiocarps
They produce spores called basidiospores on club-shaped hyphae called basidia

17. Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi
Includes:
Powdery mildews on leaves
Truffles & morels used in cooking
Single-celled yeasts
They have small finger-like sacs called asci, which they develop during sexual reproduction

18. Phylum Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi
Only reproduce asexually
Produce spores called conidia
Is a diverse group
Ex. Penicillium (first produced penecillin)

19. Section 5.3: Review Questions
Page 158, #’s 1-6

20. What are the characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi?
Fungi are non-photosynthetic heterotrophs with some
plant-like qualities.

21. How are fungi classified?
Fungi are classified according to their reproductive mechanisms.

22. Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction in sac fungi.
Asci and modified hyphae produce spores, but most sac fungi reproduction is sexual.

23. Describe examples of fungi that are economically important.
Many basiodiomyocotes are raised commercially for food.
Deuteromycotes can be used to produce antibiotics.

24. 5. Draw diagrams to explain what hyphae and mycelium are
5. Draw diagrams to explain what hyphae and mycelium are. Label your diagrams. Your drawing should indicated that mycelium is a network made up of another network of smaller filaments (hyphae).

25. 6. Your neighbour tells you that mushrooms used to grow in only one small area in the corner of the lawn, but now they grow all over the lawn. How would you explain this observation? The original mycelium has spread throughout the yard.