1. East Africa Agriculture Value Chain Investment Summit Speke Resort, Munyonyo, Kampala 4th-6th December 2012

2. THE PRESENTATION Women in Agriculture Women in the agriculture value chain Women VS men in the agriculture value chain Recommendations to improve participation of women in the agriculture value chain

3. WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE

4. WOMEN IN THE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN

5. WOMEN VS MEN IN THE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN – BASIC LEVEL WomenMen Status of employmentUnpaid/wage labourersContract workers Wages50 – 80% of Male100% Nodes of workUnskilled, processing, packaging Managerial, Marketing, Export, Technical Job tenureCausal/temporaryPermanent/technical/trade union Credit Limited access to assets, credit, information and market No limitation Time Constrained with competing demands - domestic and child care work In control Power relations Undermining women’s benefits unpaid labour in family farms The boss Social servicesAt risk in case of death of spouseCovered Taking business risksRisk averse and not decision makers Risk takers and decision makers

6. WOMEN VS MEN IN THE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN – PRODUCTION WomenMen ProductionSmall scale Large scale high value domestic and export market Kind of cropsFood cropsCash crops IndividualCooperative/union/g roup/out growers/contract farmer

7. WOMEN VS MEN IN THE AGRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN – MARKETING/EXPORT WomenMen Quality standards, deadlines Challenge Transport Lack the transportation, cold stores, processing facilities, communications. Easy access Membership in cooperatives Rarely because of costs and social constraints often Poor infrastructure (roads, transport, water, electricity, sanitation) Increase the burden on the woman Tolerant Access to inputs, extension, markets Poor accessModerate access

8. RECOMMENDATIONS - BASIC

9. RECOMMENDATIONS - Production Technologies (Time and yields), fertilizers, irrigation, tractors, quality seed, extension service Measure,monitor and improve productivity (world agricultural productivity averages three times SSA at USD 919, and Latin America is nearly 10 times more productive at USD 3,183 per worker). Cluster /group/large scale farming

10. RECOMMENDATIONS - Marketing Child care facilities (e.g. in market places) Trade agreements provide for the enforcement of adequate, gender- sensitive labour standards Encourage women to join groups/cooperatives/unions Cottage industries Improve infrastructure Link urban consumption with rural production Agriculture value chain linkage Construct ware houses Market bargaining power (buyer Vs producer) Government incentives and subsidies Encourage honesty, reliability, consistence

11. REFERENCES Gender and rural employment policy brief: Agricultural value chain development: Threat or opportunity for women’s employment? 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2008e/i2008e04.pdf http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2008e/i2008e04.pdf Schwerpunkt (2005) Rural-urban linkages in practice Promoting agricultural value chains. http://archiv.rural- development.de/fileadmin/rural- development/volltexte/2005/05/ELR_dt_26-28.pdfhttp://archiv.rural- development.de/fileadmin/rural- development/volltexte/2005/05/ELR_dt_26-28.pdf A METHODOLOGICAL GUIDE: Tools That Make Value Chains Work: Discussion and Cases, Prepared for the World Bank USING VALUE CHAIN APPROACHES IN AGRIBUSINESS AND AGRICULTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. http://www.technoserve.org/files/downloads/vcguidenov12-2007.pdf