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CHAPTER 6 RELIGION.

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Presentation on theme: "CHAPTER 6 RELIGION."— Presentation transcript:

1 CHAPTER 6 RELIGION

2 FOCUS ON THE FOLLOWING IN THIS CHAPTER
Universal vs. Ethnic Major Universal and Ethnic (where are they, percentage of world population) Major branches of those religions Where are the major religions and their major branches and why are they there? (ex. Historical migration patterns How did religions affect the environment Examples of religious tension/fighting/war

3 GEOGRAPHERS & RELIGION…
Geographers are concerned with the process of how religions diffuse and possible conflicts Examine how religions have a two way relationship with the environment They want to understand why some are widespread and others are clustered in specific places

4 Where are Religions Distributed?
ISSUE #1 Where are Religions Distributed?

5 TYPES OF RELIGIONS UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Attempt to be global Appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture About 62% of the world’s population Are divided into branches, denominations, and sects Appeal primarily to one group in one place About 24% of world’s population

6 UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS
BUDDHISM CHRISTIANITY ISLAM

7 ETHNIC RELIGIONS DAOISM (TAOISM) HINDUISM JUDAISM AFRICAN RELIGIONS
CONFUCIANISM SHINTOISM

8 World Distribution of Religions
Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.

9 World Population by Religion
Fig. 6-1a: Over two thirds of the world’s population adhere to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

10 CHRISTIANITY 3 major branches are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox (know percentages) About 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian

11 ISLAM Islam means “submission to the will of god”
Predominates from North Africa to Central Asia (population is increasing in North America and Europe) 2 main branches are Sunni and Shiite (Shia) (know percentages)

12 BUDDHISM Located primarily in China and Southeast Asia
3 main branches are Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana (know percentages) Accurate count is difficult because: Few participate in Buddhist institutions Differs from Western concept of a formal religion Communism in China

13 ETHNIC RELIGIONS You are responsible for this section, pages

14 ISSUE #2 Why do Religions Have Different Distributions?
(read and know the intro!!!)

15 ORIGINS UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC Specific places origin
Based on the life of one man (ex. Christianity-Jesus, Islam-Muhammad, Buddhism-Siddhartha) Unknown/unclear origins not identified with one specific individual (ex. Hinduism-Indian culture over several centuries) - Judaism is an exception

16 DIFFUSION-UNIVERSALIZING
All 3 diffused from specific hearths located in Asia. Buddhism-present day India and Nepal; Christianity-present day Israel; Islam-present day Saudi Arabia

17 CHRISTIANITY Diffused through a combination of all types of diffusion (relocation and expansion)

18 ISLAM Diffused very rapidly through North Africa, SW Europe and SW Asia

19 BUDDHISM

20 DIFFUSION - ETHNIC Limited to no diffusion; usually by relocation diffusion Unlike universalizing, they don’t have missionaries They are often either replaced by URs or mix with them Ex. Traditional African religious mixing with Christianity 70% of Japanese say they are Buddhist, 90% say they are Shinto Judaism the exception to this trend – it’s practiced in many countries, not just location of its origins

21 TYPE 2 List 3 universalizing religions and 3 ethnic religions
List 3 major differences between universalizing and ethnic religions List the primary locations of the 3 universalizing religions (use regions, not countries – for ex. Western Hemisphere, Eastern Europe….)

22 HOLY PLACES UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Tend to be tied to places related to the founder (cities, villages…) Ex. Mecca for Muhammad/Islam Tend to be tied to the physical environment of the hearth (mountains, rivers…) Ex. Ganges River for Hindus

23 IMPORTANT SITES IN JERUSALEM

24 WESTERN WALL (wailing wall)
Section of the western wall that remains of the Jewish Temple destroyed in A.D. 70 Extremely sacred place for Jews

25 DOME OF THE ROCK Built to represent the greatness of Islam
Built on the site of the rock on which Abraham went to sacrifice his son Also the site of Muhammad’s “night journey”

26 CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER
Built over the site of Jesus’ burial Extremely sacred to Christians

27 Holy Sites for Buddhists
Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

28 Buddhist Temple Bodh Gaya, India

29 Mecca, Islam’s Holiest City
Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

30 Makkah during the Haj Pilgrimage
The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.

31 Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

32 Baha’i Temple in Uganda

33 The Golden Temple in Amritsar
The Golden Temple (Darbar Sahib) in Amritsar, India is the holiest structure for Sikhism.

34 Baha’i Temple in Uganda

35 COSMOGONY Read this section on Look at how universalizing and ethnic differ in the following: Creation of the world? How? Interaction with nature? Modification of nature?

36 CALENDAR UNIVERSALIZING ETHNIC
Holidays based primarily on significant events of the founder’s life Ex. - birth of Jesus (Christians) - Siddhartha’s birth (Buddhists) Shiite holiday attack Holidays based primarily on physical geography of the homeland (seasons and agriculture) Ex. - Holi for Hindus - Bontok of the Philippines

37 CALENDARS - ETHNIC Prominent feature of ERs is the celebration of seasons – particularly for agriculture Judaism – major holidays based on agriculture in Israel Use a lunar calendar Solstice has a significant meaning for many ethnic religions

38 CALENDARS - UNIVERSALIZING
Prominent feature is celebrating events of the founder’s life Islam uses a lunar calendar, Christianity a solar Holidays arrive in different seasons from generation to generation when using a lunar calendar(ex. Ramadan for Muslims) Not all members of URs celebrate same holidays on same day ( ex. Easter, Buddha’s birth)

39 Why do Religions Organize Space in Different Patterns?
ISSUE #3 Why do Religions Organize Space in Different Patterns? (AP test likes questions about the impact of religion on space, important Key Issue)

40 Places of Worship All major religions have these structures/buildings
The function of these locations influence the arrangement of them over the landscape Have different characteristics, purposes, meanings…. The distribution of these religious elements on the landscape reflects the importance of religion for that particular society

41 Christianity – Church (sanctified for public worship)
Islam – Mosque (public assembly) Hinduism – Temple (more for shrines, home is used more for worship) Buddhism, Shintoism – Pagodas (contain relics)

42 Church – St. Paul’s in London

43 Blue Mosque - Turkey Blue Mosque - Turkey

44 Hindu Temple - India

45 Pagoda - China

46 SACRED SPACE How religions distribute their elements across land depends on their beliefs distributions range from very small (cemetery) to very large (entire communities) Most significant land use is for burial and religious settlements

47 SACRED SPACE - BURIAL Climate, topography, and doctrine combine to create different burial practices Use of cemeteries (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) Health concerns Bodies facing certain direction Used as parks Take up valuable land (ex. China now encouraging cremation) Not all bury dead (ex. Cremation for Hindus)

48 SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENTS
Most settlements serve an economic purpose, some serve a religious one Utopian societies (Salt Lake City) Religious impact on colonial settlements (clustered settlement patterns of Puritans in New England)

49 SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS PLACE NAMES
Roman Catholics often give place names (also called ?????) to settlements, particularly in the new world Quebec U.S. Southwest

50 Place Names in Québec Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

51 Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
ISSUE #4 Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?

52 Since WWII local conflicts in areas of cultural diversity have increased (often religiously based)
Inflexible religious views = conflict

53 RELIGION v. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Role of religion in organizing the earth’s surface has been diminished in some areas, largely due to ____ and ____ change Know examples of how for each of the following: Islam particularly affected Hinduism and West Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Communism VS.

54 RELIGION vs. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Religion v. Communism Responsible for p.208 Vs.

55 RELIGION vs. RELIGION Know these examples Christian v. Muslim
Catholic v. Protestant Sunni v. Shiite Hindu v. Muslim

56 RELIGIOUS WARS IN IRELAND
Worst religious boundary in W. Europe Republic of Ireland – 92% Roman Catholic Northern Ireland (UK) – 58% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic Island became part of the UK in 1801 Declared independence in 1937, members of the North chose to stay part of the UK (why?) RCs victimized by discrimination in the Northern Ireland – fighting between RCs and Ps has led to more than 3,000 deaths since 1968 IRA - UDF Majority want peace, extremist elements make that difficult

57 UNITED KINGDOM

58 IRELAND cont. Fig 6-14: When Ireland became independent in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.

59 Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland

60 RELIGIOUS WARS – MIDDLE EAST
Jews, Christians and Muslims have been fighting over land for centuries (historical name is Palestine) Jews - trace their origins here (Promised Land) - kicked out by the Romans Christians – major events of Jesus’ life centered here and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire Muslims – Jerusalem is their third holiest city, believe Muhammad ascended to heaven from there

61

62 CRUSADES Muslim empire expanded quickly after Muhammad’s death (632) across northern Africa and into Europe Beginning in 1099 the Christians in WE launched a series of military campaigns to regain the holy land (lasted about 150 years, gain, and then lose, control of the holy land)

63 JEWS vs. MUSLIMS IN PALESTINE
Ottoman Empire (Muslim) ruled Palestine from 1500s – 1917 (what happened in 1917?) UN voted to partition it into 2 countries, Jewish and Muslim (Jerusalem?) 1948 – Jews declare their country, Arab neighbors attack the next day Armistice in 1949 divided control of Jerusalem 3 more wars fought between Israel and its neighbors: 1956, 1967 (Six Days War), 1973 Camp David Accords

64 ISRAEL TODAY

65 Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel
Fig. 6-16: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

66 CONFLICT – PALESTINIAN PERSPECTIVES
After 1973 the Palestinians emerged as Israel’s primary opponent Know 5 groups considering themselves Palestinians Palestinians are very angry with Jewish settlements in the West Bank, consider this area their historical homeland as well Role of the PLO Some Palestinians are willing to accept the existence of while others (ex. Hamas) are not

67 CONFLICT – ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE
Sees itself as a small, Jewish nation surrounded by enemies Major geographic considerations: Major population centers are close to int’l borders (vulnerable) Landforms (northern hills, West Bank, Golan Heights)

68 Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Political and Physical maps
Fig. 6-17: The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.

69 Section of Israeli Security Barrier
Fig : A typical section of the security barrier built by Israel in the West Bank.

70 Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank
Fig : The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.

71 Jerusalem - in the end, it all comes down to Jerusalem, no agreement on Jerusalem = continued tension Fig. 6-15: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

72 Chapter 6: Review

73 06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism 2. Christianity 3. Judaism 4. Islam

74 06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism 2. Christianity 3. Judaism 4. Islam

75 06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe 2. East Asia 3. Canada 4. South America 5. Australia

76 06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe 2. East Asia 3. Canada 4. South America 5. Australia

77 06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God 2. Donate to charities 3. Fast during the month of Ramadan 4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem 5. Pray five times daily

78 06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God 2. Donate to charities 3. Fast during the month of Ramadan 4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem 5. Pray five times daily

79 06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia 2. South America 3. North America 4. North Africa 5. Europe

80 06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia 2. South America 3. North America 4. North Africa 5. Europe

81 06.05 Which of the following religions diffused primarily through armed conquest?
1. Buddhism 2. Hinduism 3. Sikhism 4. Islam 5. Shintoism

82 06.05 Which of the following religions diffused primarily through armed conquest?
1. Buddhism 2. Hinduism 3. Sikhism 4. Islam 5. Shintoism

83 06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists 2. Jews 3. Confucians 4. Christians 5. Pagans

84 06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists 2. Jews 3. Confucians 4. Christians 5. Pagans

85 06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam 2. Judaism 3. Taoism 4. Christianity 5. Hinduism

86 06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam 2. Judaism 3. Taoism 4. Christianity 5. Hinduism

87 06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope 2. Archbishop 3. Bishop 4. Cardinal 5. Priest

88 06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope 2. Archbishop 3. Bishop 4. Cardinal 5. Priest

89 06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy 2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India 3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion 4. Is enforced by official government policies 5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment

90 06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy 2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India 3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion 4. Is enforced by official government policies 5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment

91 06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism 2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism 3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism 4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism 5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism

92 06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism 2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism 3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism 4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism 5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism

93


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