1. Fluoride in Water

2. Surface Water Is what you see in rivers, lakes, streams etc.

3. Groundwater is water that is found in aquifers below the surface of the Earth. To get groundwater, one must dig wells or borewells. Groundwater

4. Water pollution of surface water bodies is visible in many places

5. But is groundwater clean?

6. When water seeps into the ground, it dissolves different substances depending on the type of soil and rock that it flows through. Groundwater can get polluted naturally

7. Some of these substances like fluoride compounds can be harmful to health, if amounts greater than permissible limits are ingested over long periods of time. Natural pollution is a non-point source of pollution

8. The Bureau of Indian Standards states that in drinking water, fluoride levels are 00.5 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 1.5 mg/l 2.0 mg/l Desirable Permissible

9. Fluoride Low levels of fluoride in drinking water (0.5 to 1 mg/l) protect against dental caries High levels of fluoride in drinking water (above 1.5 mg/l) will lead to adverse health impacts ranging from dental fluorosis to skeletal fluorosis Fluoride levels in water beyond desirable / permissible limits is typically found in groundwater and not surface water

10. Fluorosis ©Ruhani Kaur/UNICEF India http://www.fannz.org.nz 19 states in India have groundwater that is rich in fluoride Dental Fluorosis Skeletal Fluorosis Excess fluoride in the body (above 1.5 – 2 ppm)

11. Other symptoms Fatigue Low hemoglobin count Irritation Loss of appetite Excessive thirst and urination Miscarriage Inability to conceive due to defective sperm Depression

12. Impacts of skeletal fluorosis Loss of livelihood since affected persons cannot work Loss of income High medical costs Poverty Social outcasts since facilities for the handicapped are lacking in India

13. Fluoride levels in groundwater are higher than permissible limits in 19 states of India

14. Over 6.6 crore Indians are affected by fluorosis Mild fluorosis Moderate/severe fluorosis

15. What can be done?

16. Where fluoride in water is between 1.5 to 2.0mg/l, avoid: Canned fish Dental products such as fluoridated toothpaste & mouth wash Products containing black salt (kalanamak)

17. Eat more of fruits and vegetables rich in Vitamin C, Iron and Calcium Orange Lemon Guava Gooseberry (Amla) Tomato Grapefruit Almonds Apple Brinjal Banana Beetroot Spinach Coriander leaves

18. In all fluoride affected areas, recharge the groundwater with rainwater Harvest rainwater Recharge groundwater

19. Thank you!