2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War 1

3. World War I Casualties 2

4. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey] 3

5. Europe in 1914 4

6. Economic & Imperial Rivalries 5

7. The “ Spark ” 6

8. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family 7

9. The Assassination: Sarajevo 8

10. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip 9

11. Who’s To Blame? 10

12. EscalationEscalation 11

13.  On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a nineteen- year-old Serbian revolutionary, fired two pistol shots. One killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria- Hungary and heir to the Austrian throne. The other killed Sophie, his wife.  Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible. On July 5 Austria asked for and received from Germany a "blank check" of support for any action Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia.  On July 23 Austria sent a series of demands to the Serbians. The demands were designed to humiliate and virtually destroy the Serbian nation. Still, Serbia agreed to most but not all of the demands. 12

14.  Austria reacted on July 28 by declaring war on Serbia. The Russians prepared to defend Serbia. Germany sent a warning to Russia to stop mobilizing its army for war; the Russians ignored the warning, and Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. France came to the aid of its Russian ally by declaring war on Germany. The British hesitated, but when the Germans marched into Belgium, they declared war on Germany as well.  Italy, the third member of the Triple Alliance, refused to back Germany and Austria-Hungary. Italy claimed the Triple Alliance was for defensive purposes only and Austria's declaration of war against Serbia was no defensive.  So in August, 1914, the guns of the war went off. The system of alliances for keeping peace had brought the great nations of Europe into war with one another. 13

15. Mobilization  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism! 14

16. Recruitment Posters 15

17. New French Recruits 16

18. 17

19. Women and the War Effort 18

20. Financing the War 19

21. For Recruitment 20

22. Munitions Workers 21

23. French Women Factory Workers 22

24. German Women Factory Workers 23

25. Working in the Fields 24

26. A Woman Ambulance Driver 25

27. Red Cross Nurses 26

28. Women in the Army Auxiliary 27

29. Russian Women Soldiers 28

30. Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! 29

31. Posters: Wartime Propaganda 30

32. Australian Poster 31

33. American Poster 32

34. Financing the War 33

35. German Poster Think of Your Children! 34

36. The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ” 35

37. A Multi-Front War 36

38. The Western Front 37

39. Trench Warfare 38

40. Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” 39

41. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. 40

42. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. 41

43. 42

44. Sacrifices in War 43

45. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun 44

46. The Eastern Front 45

47. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 46

48. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine 47

49. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18 48

50. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19 49

51. The Tsar with General Brusilov 50

52. The “ Colonial ” Fronts 51

53. Sikh British Soldiers in India 52

54. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] 53

55. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade 54

56. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916 55

57. America Joins the Allies 56

58. The Sinking of the Lusitania 57

59. The Zimmerman Telegram 58

60. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming! 59

61. Americans in the Trenches 60

62. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 61

63. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed! 62

64. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead 63

65. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died 64

66. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! 65

67. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800 66

68. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology 67

69. Submarines  Use Then: – To attack merchant shipping (Germans) – Shore patrol (British)  Is Unrestricted Submarine warfare amoral?  Use Now: – Silent patrol of the seas (The Silent Service) – Nuclear weapons launching platform from hidden locations (Cold War) 68

70. Sea Mines  Use Then: – Used by the British to close German harbors and keep the German navy bottled up  Use Now: – Used in WWII but due to an increase in sea trade, are not used today. – The land mines are still in use but very controversial. 69

71. Dreadnoughts  Use Then: – Massive warship with long range guns were a symbol of a country’s power – Only one major sea battle (Jutland) in the Great War was inconclusive.  Use Now: – Replaced by the aircraft carriers and the carrier group – Have found limited uses in modern warfare 70

72. Machine Guns  Use Then: – Stationary instrument of destruction, designed for defense, not offense. – Fired up to 300 rounds per minutes  Use Now: – Hand-held and mobile rapid firing guns – “Mini-guns”: machine guns that fire thousands of round per minute 71

73. Tanks  Use Then: – Primitive, slow, ungainly vehicles to use against machine guns and trenches.  Use Now: – Fast moving, technological machines to spear head offensive movements 72

74. British Tank at Ypres 73

75. French Renault Tank 74

76. Gas (Mustard Gas)  Use Then: – Used as a weapon of mass destruction to soften up an area before advancing. – Often was counter-productive  Use Now: – Outlawed by international agreement – Iraq under Saddam Hussein allegedly gassed the Kurds. – Terrorist attack in Japan using Sarin gas 75

77. Flame thrower  Use Then: – Used to attack trenches and clear out the defenders by shooting liquid fire. – Psychologically, a horrible weapon to use on the enemy.  Use Now: – Used in WWII to attack fortifications but due to mobility of troops not as effective or needed today 76

78. Zepplins  Use Then: – Observation of enemy positions and movements – Used to silently attack positions at night with bombs  Use Now: – Outdated: No military or real commercial uses – Sometimes used for advertisement 77

79. Airplanes  Use Then: – Observation of enemy positions – Air to air combat – Bomb the enemy behind their lines or the home front  Use Now: – Multiple military and commercial uses – Unmanned Drones are doing reconnaissance – Stealth technology 78

80. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 79

81. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. 80

82. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant 81

83. Looking for the “Red Baron?” 82

84. Total Warfare  Use Then: – Propaganda to motivate the population – Changing the industrial machine to meet the needs of the military – Population will have to make sacrifices.  Use Now: – Military Industrial Complex: Military spending plays an important part in the economy – Homeland Security Alerts 83

85. Draft  Use Then: – Initiated to meet the needs of the military in a global war  Use Now: – Draft bill is submitted for consideration during every congressional session but has been rejected. 84