1. Astronomy 202 Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Dr. Jeff Kriessler

2. What is science?

3. Discussion Science is a collection of facts

4. Discussion Scientists are discovering the truth

5. My view Science is a collection of explanations that are useful in scientists attempts to predict the future.

6. Newton’s law of gravity

7. It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without mediation of something else which is not matter, operate on and affect other matter without mutual contact.... That gravity should be innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at-a-distance, through a vacuum, without the mediation of anything else by and through which their action may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it. (Newton. Letter to Richard Bentley 25 Feb. 1693)

8. Discussion Scientists always need to keep an open mind

9. Models in science A scientific model needs to: 1)Explain past observations 2)Predict accurately future observations 3)Should be the simplest possible explanation

10. Occam’s Razor If two or more models encompass the observations equally well, the simplest model is preferred.

11. The Night Sky

12. Discussion Even though there are 6000 stars that are bright enough to see without a telescope, we can only ever see about 3000 at any given clear night. Why is that?

13. Discussion Why can’t we see stars during the day?

14. Light Pollution

15. Stellar magnitudes We specify the apparent brightness of stars by the magnitude scale. Brighter stars have a smaller magnitude while fainter stars have a larger magnitude. The brightest star, Sirius has a magnitude –1.4 The faintest stars visible to the unaided eye have a magnitude of about 6.

16. Discussion The magnitude system that astronomers use is based on the way our eyes scale the intensity of light, which is not linear but logarithmic. What do you think would be the advantage of having eyes which scale intensity in such a fashion?

17. The celestial sphere We can picture the sky as the inside of a hemisphere.

18. Discussion On Earth’s surface, also a sphere, we specify positions using latitude and longitude. How does this system work?

20. Positions in the sky Any position in the sky can be specified by two angles, just like latitude and longitude on the Earth’s surface.

21. Some terminology Zenith – the point in the sky directly over head. Meridian – an arc drawn from due north on the horizon to the point due south on the horizon which passes through the zenith.