1. Deforestation and Climate Change Phillip Larson Ben Mancheski Ben Mancheski Andrew Rooyakkers & Aaron Schaufenbuel

2. Introduction Definition: the deliberate clearance of forested land by cutting or burning. Can have a major impact on: 1. surface water flows 2. hydrographs 3. soil erosion 4. Climate

3. What causes deforestation? 1. Agricultural Practices a. Shifting Agriculture b. Permanent Agriculture 2. Cattle Ranching 3. Commercial Logging

4. Shifting Agriculture 1. Traditional shifting cultivation a. “slash and burn” b. Regeneration: 15- 20 years 2. Short rotation cultivation a. fallow periods a. fallow periods 3. Encroaching cultivation a. Spreading from main roads a. Spreading from main roads

5. Permanent Agriculture 1. Why is it a problem? 2. Fish Farming 3. Government Resettlement Schemes

6. Cattle Ranching - Law states that ½ of land must be retained as forested

7. Other causes 1. Mining 2. Hydro electric plants (Tucuru Dam) 3. Urban expansion 4. Cultivation of illegal drugs

8. Commercial Logging -alleviates debt -developing countries (Brazil)

9. Climate Changes 1. Increase in solar radiation= cooling 2. Less evapotranspiration= warming 3. Rainfall 4. Mountain climates

11. Wisconsin? - Many rivers (easy transport) - First paper mill built in Appleton in 1853 (Fox, Wisconsin, Chippewa, Menominee, Peshtigo, Eau Claire, Flambeau)

12. Natural Causes of Climate Change Glacial Ages (Ice Ages) Glacial Ages (Ice Ages) Milankovitch Cycle/ Orbital Changes Milankovitch Cycle/ Orbital Changes Carbon Dioxide/ Atmospheric Changes Carbon Dioxide/ Atmospheric Changes Volcanic Activity Volcanic Activity Sea Water Circulation Sea Water Circulation Continental Position Continental Position

13. Over the past 750,000 years of Earth's history, Ice Ages have occurred at regular intervals, of approximately 100,000 years each http://www.clearlight.com/~mhieb/WVFossils/ice_ages.html

14. Over half the Earth’s surface was covered by Glaciers or extreme deserts at the extent of glaciation 18,000 years ago. http://www.clearlight.com/~mhieb/WVFossils/present_interglacial.html

15. Present day vegetation cover http://www.clearlight.com/~mhieb/WVFossils/present_interglacial.html

16. Deforestation and Climate Change (A) Mass deforestation of Amazon regions could increase in the mean surface temperature 2.5°C and decrease the annual evapo- transpiration (30% reduction), precipitation (25% reduction), and runoff (20% reduction) in the region (A) Mass deforestation of Amazon regions could increase in the mean surface temperature 2.5°C and decrease the annual evapo- transpiration (30% reduction), precipitation (25% reduction), and runoff (20% reduction) in the region

17. Deforestation and Climate Change (B) There has been an increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 90 ppm between the pre- industrial era and year 2000. The projected range of CO2 concentrations in 2100, under a range of emissions scenarios developed for the IPCC, is 170- 600 ppm above 2000 levels. (B) There has been an increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 90 ppm between the pre- industrial era and year 2000. The projected range of CO2 concentrations in 2100, under a range of emissions scenarios developed for the IPCC, is 170- 600 ppm above 2000 levels. Complete global deforestation over the same time frame would increase atmospheric concentrations by about 130-290 ppm. Complete global deforestation over the same time frame would increase atmospheric concentrations by about 130-290 ppm.

18. Deforestation and Climate Change (C) Managing forests to help control greenhouse gases can be complicated. If the forests are cut down again before they grow to their optimum carbon storage potential, they might not prove to be as helpful to counter- balance deforestation as once was thought. (C) Managing forests to help control greenhouse gases can be complicated. If the forests are cut down again before they grow to their optimum carbon storage potential, they might not prove to be as helpful to counter- balance deforestation as once was thought.

19. Preventing Deforestation Several techniques already in place

20. Tree incentive program Tree replacement program Tree replacement program This program offers an incentive in the form of money to those who plant trees. This program offers an incentive in the form of money to those who plant trees. Many state governments have joined this approach. Many state governments have joined this approach.

21. Benefits Helps shoulder the overall cost of planting new trees. Helps shoulder the overall cost of planting new trees. Gives incentives to business by using the capitalist system to replant trees after cutting them down. Gives incentives to business by using the capitalist system to replant trees after cutting them down.

22. Pitfalls The money incentive is often not enough money to cover the full cost of planting trees. The money incentive is often not enough money to cover the full cost of planting trees. This leads to mainly environmentalists or corporations planting trees. People who most likely would have done so at a loss anyhow. This leads to mainly environmentalists or corporations planting trees. People who most likely would have done so at a loss anyhow.

23. Non-Profit Organizations There are many non profit organizations who go about collecting money / donations to plant trees. There are many non profit organizations who go about collecting money / donations to plant trees. Some even encourage children to buy land in the rain forests through the schools. Some even encourage children to buy land in the rain forests through the schools.

24. Preventing Deforestation Several ways that deforestation could be prevented Several ways that deforestation could be prevented

25. Social Reform The current capitalist system takes advantage of the earths resources to the point where permanent damage can be expected. The current capitalist system takes advantage of the earths resources to the point where permanent damage can be expected. There currently societies who live within a sustainable rate of environmental degradation. There currently societies who live within a sustainable rate of environmental degradation.

26. Social Reform Not likely to happen. Not likely to happen. The current setup of our government allows candidates to be “bought” by big money. The current setup of our government allows candidates to be “bought” by big money. Corporations donate money to a candidate’s campaign and the candidate will look out for that corporation’s interests in return. Corporations donate money to a candidate’s campaign and the candidate will look out for that corporation’s interests in return.

27. Technology There is the possibility that technology could progress to the point to where we once again live in a sustainable environment. There is the possibility that technology could progress to the point to where we once again live in a sustainable environment. Our capitalist system dictates that corporations will always try to corner the market and by doing so make huge profits. Our capitalist system dictates that corporations will always try to corner the market and by doing so make huge profits.

28. Technology Often, for a corporation to receive such an edge is through technology. This ensures the progression of technology. Often, for a corporation to receive such an edge is through technology. This ensures the progression of technology. Technology could come to the point where it becomes so advanced through the capitalist system that the demand for natural resources becomes significantly reduced. Technology could come to the point where it becomes so advanced through the capitalist system that the demand for natural resources becomes significantly reduced.

29. Strict Regulations Throughout history, we see that public outcry has elected politicians who take to hart what the people want rather than the needs of the corporations. Throughout history, we see that public outcry has elected politicians who take to hart what the people want rather than the needs of the corporations. If there is enough of a public outcry over environmental issues, candidates and government leaders will begin to enforce stricter environmental regulations. If there is enough of a public outcry over environmental issues, candidates and government leaders will begin to enforce stricter environmental regulations.